INDUSTRY TRENDS

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INDUSTRY TRENDS

• 2006 Heavy Duty Seminar

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CHANGING REQUIREMENTS FOR HEAVY DUTY LUBRICANTS
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Performance Categories
API Performance Categories for Diesel Engine Oils
Category
Service Definition
CJ-4 2007 Emission Engines Low SAPS
CI-4 Plus 2003 Increased soot
control CI-4 2002 Low Emission,
Four Stroke Engine with EGR and Low Sulfur
Fuel CH-4 1998 Low Emission, Four Stroke Engine
Both High and Low Sulfur Fuel CG-4 1994 Low
Emission, Four-Stroke Engines Using 0.05
Sulfur Fuel CF-4 1991 Low Emission
Engines CF-2 Severe Duty Two-Stroke Cycle
Engines CF Turbocharged Engines or High Sulfur
Fuel
Heavy Duty


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The Future of Heavy Duty LubricantsAfter-treat
ment Compatible Lubricants with ULSD
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FUTURE CHANGES

• Further reduction in emissions drive CJ-4
• Development/Implementation in 2005-2007
• Will require after-treatment devices
• Reduced zinc, sulfur phosphorus and low ash
  technology for after-treatment device
  compatibility
• UltraLow sulfur (15 PPM) fuel
• Increased use of higher quality base stocks
• Backward compatibility issues ?
• Radical Changes to our product tiers/concepts ?

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Worldwide Emission Requirements
US 2002/2004
Euro III (2000)
PM, g/kW-hr ESC test
Japan 2005
Euro V (2008)
Euro IV (2005)
US 2007
NOx, g/kW-hr ESC test
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CJ-4 Technical Update

• New category intended to lubricate and protect
  2007 model year engines
• Production starts 4Q 2006
• Engines are now on road under restricted testing
• Also in the same timeline, ULSD, Ultra-Low Sulfur
  diesel
• Emissions for 2007 are very reduced in both NOx
  and particulate matter

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CJ-4 Technical Update

• All major diesel engine OEMs will be using
  increased EGR (CAT Acert) and after-treatment
• DPF (Diesel Particulate Filter) will require oils
  with less ash for long term protection
• The ash plugging issue is still under discussion
  among the OEMs

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PC-10 Chemical Limits

• Sulfated Ash, Phosphorus, Sulfur, (SAPS)
• Sulfated Ash 1 wt max
• Phosphorus 0.12 wt max
• Sulfur .4 wt max
• Approved June 2004

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CI-4 Plus vs CJ-4

• CI-4 Plus
• TBN 10-12 plus
• ASH 1.2-1.5
• Phosphorus .14

• CJ-4
• TBN 7-8 possibly 9.5
• ASH 1 max
• Phosphorus .12

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New Engine Tests

• Cummins ISM
• Rolling valve train wear
• Replaces M11 EGR
• Cummins ISB
• Sliding valve train wear
• Cat C-13
• Piston deposit and oil consumption
• Mack T-12
• Ring and liner wear
• Replaces T-10

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Engine test differences

• T-12 is more severe than T-10 on Pb corrosion and
  oxidation
• Cummins ISM and ISB demonstrate rolling and
  sliding valve train wear
• T-11 limits are more severe than CI-4 Plus

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New OEM Specs.

• Caterpillar ECF-2 and ECF-3
• ECF-1 will be dropped
• ECF-2 Delayed until 2007
• Off-Highway and pre- 07 engines
• No longer an ash max but will have 1 min
• CH-4 minimum quality level
• ECF-3 mirrors CJ-4, self certifying but Cat wants
  data.

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New OEM Specs.

• Cummins 20081
• Very strict ash limit 1.00
• Tighter T-12 limits
• Tighter injector screw weight loss in ISM
• Tighter cam lobe wear in ISB

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New OEM Specs.

• Mack EO-O Premium Plus
• Tighter T-12 Limits
• Tighter limits on cam lobe wear in ISB

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Engine Efficiency Factors

• Air Management
• Head Design
• Turbochargers
• Valve timing
• Fuel Delivery
• Electronics
• After-Treatment
• Oxidation Catalyst
• Particulate Filters

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How does EGR reduce NOx?

• Re-circulated exhaust will displace O2 reducing
  the chance to react with N2 during combustion
• Exhaust gas will also reduce combustion pressure
  and temperature
• All reduces NOx levels coming out of the stack
• Fuel economy?????

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What is EGR?Exhaust Gas Recirculation
EGR Duct Heat Exchanger
EGR Control Valve
Intake
Exhaust

• EGR lowers O2 and reduces peak temperatures and
  pressures
• EGR gasses are cooled to improve volumetric
  efficiency

Hot Exhaust Gas
Fresh Intake Air
N
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DPF (Diesel Particulate Filter)

• Catch and hold particulates
• Non-combustible matter must be manually removed
  during some type of scheduled maintenance
• OEMs do not want engine oil adding anything to
  the process
• Need for low SAPS oil
• This issue is still not final

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Diesel Particulate Filters

• DPF Function
• Catch and hold exhaust particles for further
  processing
• Regeneration soot and combustible fractions
  oxidized in the DPF
• Maintenance non-combustibles remain in the DPF
  and must be removed periodically

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2007/2010 Emissions Technologies
Reference Peterbilt
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Diesel oxidation catalysts

• Full flow units that act very much like an
  automotive catalytic converter.
• Gases flow over a catalyst that burns
  contaminants and reduces them to CO2 and water.
• Can be installed as muffler replacements because
  of smaller size.

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Lean NOx Adsorber
Diesel Injector
DOC
LNA
NOx Sensor
Filter
DOC
Diesel Oxidation Catalyst
Valves
Bypass
Reference Volvo
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Kendall API CJ-4

• Kendall Super-D XA (Exhaust Advantage)
• Fully Licensed as API CJ-4/CI-4 Plus/
  CI-4/CH-4/SM, SAE 15W-40
• Synthetic Blend, 0.98 Ash, TBN 9.6
• Backward Compatible, Useable with Diesel Fuel up
  to 500 PPM Sulfur (consult OEM)
• CAT ECF-3, Cummins 20081, DDC 93K218, Mack EO-O,
  MB 228.3 Volvo VDS-4

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76 API CJ-4 Products

• Guardol ECT (Emissions Compatible Technology)
• Fully Licensed as API CJ-4/CI-4 PLUS/
  CI-4/CH-4/SM, SAE 15W-40
• Synthetic Blend, 0.98 Ash, TBN 9.6
• Backward Compatible, Useable with Diesel Fuel up
  to 500 PPM Sulfur (consult OEM)
• CAT ECF-3, Cummins 20081, DDC 93K218, Mack EO-O,
  MB 228.3 Volvo VDS-4

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76 API CJ-4 Products (cont)

• Fleet Supreme EC (Emissions Compatible)
• Fully Licensed as API CJ-4/CI-4 PLUS/
  CI-4/CH-4/SM, SAE 15W-40
• 0.97 Ash, TBN 8.0
• Backward Compatible, Useable with Diesel Fuel up
  to 500 PPM Sulfur (consult OEM)
• CAT ECF-3, Cummins 20081, DDC 93K218, Mack EO-O,
  MB 228.3 Volvo VDS-4

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What is ACERT?

• Two-stage turbocharging with electronically
  controlled wastegate
• Pilot injection and possible multiple injection
  events
• Some internal EGR from valve overlap
• Exhaust oxidation catalyst
• Goal Is To Reduce Peak Combustion Chamber
  Temperatures and Therefore Reduce NOx Formation

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ACERT Technology for 2007

• Clean Gas Induction (CGI)
• Draws inert gas from downstream of the DPF
• DPFs will have active regeneration. Regeneration
  will only take place when needed.
• soot free intake charge

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Low Pressure Turbocharger
PCM
Drivers
High Pressure Turbocharger

• Twin turbochargers

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C-13 Piston and Ring Pack Design