The Animal Kingdom

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The Animal Kingdom
Invertebrates Vertebrates
www.the-directory.org/index.php?cPath2
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The animal kingdom is very diverse.

• The simplest animals lack a mouth, organ systems
  like a nervous or digestive system have no body
  cavity.
• More complex animals have specialized organs,
  skeletal systems complex behaviors.

3
Name an animal

• How many of you named an invertebrate animal?
• Invertebrates-
• do not have a backbone
• more than 95 of all animal species
• Vertebrates-
• an animal with a backbone.

4
Consider the following animals

• sponge,
• tapeworm,
• liver fluke
• clam,
• earthworm,
• snail,
• squid,
• starfish,
• shark,
• elephant
• Think about how each of these animals eats.
• Which are carnivores? Herbivores? Parasites?

5
Characteristics of Animals

• Most members of the animal kingdom share these 4
  Important characteristics
• 1. Multicellular, no cell walls
• 2. Heterotrophic
• 3. Sexual reproduction is common
• 4. Mobile (at least part of life cycle)

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Multicellular

• many specialized cells with no cell walls.
• (for example- adult humans have
  50-100 trillion cells)
• Specialization- is the evolutionary adaptation of
  a cell for a particular function.
• Cell- Tissue- Organ-organ system- Organism

http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/img/bice
lltissueorgan.gif
http//millville.sps.edu/allaccess/divisions/scien
ce/jdonnelly/Cell20Page_files/04-05A-AnimalCell-L
.jpg
7

• Heterotropy- must obtain organic molecules from
  other sources, most animals Ingest Digest
  food.
• Sexual Reproduction
• Most animals produce a Zygote from 2 haploid
  gametes.
• Some animals also reproduce asexually
• (Budding, Regeneration, Parthenogenesis, etc)

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• Motility- Most animals move for at least part of
  their life cycle.
• Due to 2 tissues- nervous muscle tissues
• Example coordination
• between nervous muscle
• tissue needed for predator
• (bat) to catch its prey (mosquito)

http//www.medicinebeeherbals.com/images/leaf-nose
d-bat.jpg
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Pattern of Symmetry describes the body plan of
an animal

• Asymmetry - no pattern
• (corals, sponges)
• Radial Symmetry - shaped
• like a wheel (starfish, hydra, jellyfish)
• Bilateral Symmetry -has
• a right left side (worms, humans,
• insects, beetles, cats, elephants)

http//www.biologycorner.com/bio1/notes-chap28.htm
l
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Major Animal Phyla

• Invertebrates
• Porifera (sponges)
• Cnidaria (jellyfish ,coral)
• Platyhelminthes (flatworms-planarian, tapeworm,
  flukes)
• Nematoda (roundworms- many parastic)
• Annelida (segmented worms- earthworms, leeches)
• Mollusca (soft bodies-snails, clams, squid,
  octopi)
• Arthropoda
• arachnids, (spiders, mites ticks)
• Crusteceans (shrimp, lobster, crab, daphnia,
  crayfish)
• myriapoda (centipedes millipedes)
• Insects ( ladybugs, beetles, ants, flies, moths,
  stink bugs)
• Echinoderms starfish, sea stars. Sea urchins

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Phylum Porifera (sponges)
http//science.kennesaw.edu/jdirnber/InvertZoo/Le
cPorifera/PoriVarietyp.gif
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Phylum Cnidarian (jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone)
http//thundafunda.com/33/underwater-animals-fish/
Drifters, 20Jellyfish20pictures20underwater20p
hotos.jpg
http//farm4.static.flickr.com/3290/2415983685_fdf
23a1b17.jpg
http//www.valdosta.edu/jlgoble/Sea20Anemone20D
iadumene20Dia2030cm201.JPG
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Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms like planarian,
flukes tapeworms)
http//www.ndpteachers.org/perit/Tapeworm5B15D.J
PG
http//piclib.nhm.ac.uk/piclib/webimages/0/33000/4
00/33444_med.jpg
http//researchdata.museum.vic.gov.au/marine/image
s/A17912R1.jpg
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Phylum Nematoda (round worms)
A parasitic round worm About 20,000 people each
year die of this large round worm infection
when It gets so numerous that their organs
burst.
http//www.okawvetclinic.com/sites/site-2547/image
s/771356b4-7f00-0001-2d02-8dcb3b22dc29.jpg
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Phylum Annelida Segmented worms Annelids means
little rings (many body segments).

• Earthworm
• Bristle worms
• Leeches

http//www.ync.ca/bronze20level20guide/earthworm
.jpg
http//yhsbiology.wikispaces.com/file/view/Bristle
_worm.jpg/48671939/Bristle_worm.jpg
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Mollusks
Snails, slugs Clams, Squid. Octopus
static.blogr.com
www.math.tamu.edu
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conch
http//www.americanaquariumproducts.com/images/gra
phics/octopus.jpg
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Arthropods (Includes millipedes, crustaceans
like crayfish, arachnids like spiders, insects
like ladybugs, beetles, )

• The largest animal phyla
• The real rulers of the Earth

http//www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/arthropod
a.html
http//evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_
0_0/arthropods_intro_01
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Echinoderms
http//ourkidsnews.com/newssite/images/stories/use
rs/starfish.jpg
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The next Last phylum is Chordata

• There are 2 invertebrate chordates
• Lancelet Tunicates
• But all the Rest of animals in Chordata are
  vertebrate classes

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Vertebrate classes

• 5 classes of Fish
• Myxini- (Hagfishes -slime eels)
• Cephalaspidomorphi (Lampreys parasites)
• Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous - sharks, rays,
  skates)
• Ray-finned fishes
• Lobe-Finned Fishes
• Amphibia -(land water-frogs, toads,
  salamanders)
• Reptilia- (watertight skin- snakes, alligators,
  turtles, lizards)
• Aves Birds- have FEATHERS
• Mammalia (fur milk (orders of mammals)
• -Monotremes -Marsupials -Placental mammals

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5 classes of fish

• Myxini
• Cephalaspidomorphi
• Chondrichthyes
• Actinopterygii
• Sarcopterygii

www.mantarayinn.com
www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/far/12588.html
http//www.ryanphotographic.com/chordates.htm
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• Class Amphibia

Amphibian means "double life -adults live on
land, but their soft eggs must be laid in the
water.
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Amphibians have moist skin- that they breath
through(tadpoles have gills/ adults have lungs)
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Frog and toad species distinctive call to
attract females
.

• Click here to see hear common northern USA
  frogs toads
• (remember not to go thru firefox)
• http//dnr.wi.gov/org/caer/ce/eek/critter/amphibia
  n/frogident.htm

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Class Reptilia water tight skin with amniotic
eggs

• Chapter 41

http//www.thebigzoo.com/animals/zoom/Varanus_komo
doensis_001.asp
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How are Reptiles different than amphibians?

• Watertight skin-
• Can live in dry areas (although some are aquatic)
• do not breathe through skin (like amphibians)
• The amniotic egg
• layers of membranes -with shell
• can lay on dry ground
• Efficient respiration excretion
• Lungs, 3 or 4 chambered heart
• Some can go their entire life without drinking
  (desert tortoises lizards)

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Birdsclass Aves
The only animals with feathers
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3 types feathers
Downy
Contour
Flight
http//www.kidwings.com/bodyparts/feathers/types/i
ndex.htm
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Class Mammalia
Monotreme species Only 5 living duck-billed
platypus 4 species of echidna (spiny
anteaters).
Placental mammals 4000 described species, mostly
rodents and bats
Marsupial mammals
http//www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/mammal.html
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There are 3 different kinds of mammals based on
how they give birth

• Monotremes are oviparous, they lay eggs.
• 2. Marsupials are viviparous, they give birth to
  live young that further develop within a pouch on
  the mothers body.
• 3. Placental mammals also viviparous, but the
  fetus typically develops within the mothers
  reproductive system for a longer time receives
  nourishment through blood-rich structure- the
  placenta.

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All mammals have the following six major
characteristics

• Mammalian characteristics

• 1. Endothermy
• 2. Hair
• 3. Completely divided heart
• 4. Milk/ mammary glands.
• 5. Single jawbone
• 6. Specialized teeth

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Phylogenetic Diagram of Higher Vertebrates

• History of Mammals-

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Some Definitions

• Dorsal -back
• Ventral -abdomen
• Anterior -head end
• Posterior -tail end
• Cephalization (means it has a HEAD!) its a
  concentration of brain sensory structures in
  anterior end.
• (Common in bilaterally symmetrical animals.)

34
What are the types of body support?

• Some invertebrates have no skeletal system
  rely on water for support
• 2. Exoskeleton
• some invertebrates like arthropods
• - must be shed.- does not grow
• - made of Chitin
• 3. Endoskeleton-
• - All vertebrates
• - grows with the organism
• - made of cartilage bone

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Segmentation

• Is a series of repeating units in the body.
• Invertebrates Vertebrates
• Invertebrates earthworm, arthropods
• All vertebrates Vertebrae- are the repeating
  bony units of the backbone
• YOU are a segmented animal

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Example animalsWe will be dissecting these

• Invertebrate
• earthworm (Phylum Annelida, class Oligochaeta)
• Vertebrate
• frog (Phylum Chordata, class Amphibia)

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Lumbricus terrestris the Common Earthworm
Kingdom Animal PhylumAnnelida Class
Oligochaeta OrderHaplotaxida FamilyLumbricidae
Genus Lumbricus Species terrestris
www.separationsnow.com
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Earthworms Feeding /Digestion

• Ingest soil as they burrow through it.
• Soil is moved through these structures
• mouth
• pharynx
• esophagus
• crop
• gizzard
• intestine
• anus
• Earthworms play an important role in the
  condition of soil.

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• Closed circulatory system.
• Heart is 5 aortic arches
• Also- have large dorsal blood vessel
• pump blood through the vessels of the body
• Respiration and Excretion
• Oxygen CO2 diffuse through moist skin,
• Cellular wastes and excess water are excreted
  through nephridia.
• Neural Control
• Consists of a chain of ganglia connected by a
  ventral nerve cord.

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• Earthworm Reproduction
• Earthworms are Hermaphrodites,
• Meaning that each individual has both male
  female reproductive organs.
• However- an individual worm cannot fertilize its
  own eggs.
• During mating, earthworms press their ventral
  surfaces together.
• Held together by their setae and by a film of
  mucus secreted by each worms clitellum.
• Fertilization occurs inside the tube, which forms
  a protective case for the young worms.

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You need to know the parts of the earthworm for
the test!!!
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Earthworm diagrams
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Things to know from the earthworm dissection

• The parts of the earthworm digestive tract in
  order Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard,
  intestine, anus
• That the earthworm has a closed circulatory
  system the hearts are 5 Aortic Arches.
• Earthworms are hermaphrodites they have both
  male female parts in the same organism
• Earthworms are segmented animals- have repeating
  body sections.
• They move with circular longitudinal muscles
• They are adapted to their diet of eating soil by
  having a long digestive tract- especially the
  intestine for removing nutrients from the dirt.

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• The following is Information for Frog dissection

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Frog (Amphibian) Systems

• A Skin- no scales, moist, slimy, part of
  respiratory system
• B. Skeleton- supports body against pull of
  gravity
• C. Circulatory- 3 chambered heart, 2 circuit
  system
• D. Respiratory larvae (gills skin) adult
  (lungs skin)
• E. Digestive large elastic esophagus
  stomach- for carnivores swallowing food whole.
  See parts.
• F. Excretory- in adult- kidney ammonia (which
  is secreted as waste in fish amphibian larva)
  is transformed to urea
• G. Nervous- 4 lobes sensory organs
• H. Reproduction- depend on water, most external
  fertilization, metamorphosis.

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Digestive System

• Parts include
• Pharynx,
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Cloaca
• Waste materials are stored in the cloaca and exit
  the body through the vent.

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Frog Internal Anatomy