The New South and Trans-Mississippi West New South a

1
The New South and Trans-Mississippi West

• New South a redefined persona of itself after
  the Civil war
• South needed to rejoin the Union and gain
  economic strength and powertoo much for the
  Northern tax base to bear alone.
• Henry W. Grady, more than any other southerner
  built the new persona of the New South

2

• By 1870, South needs a new imagedistancing
  itself from the Old Slavery image to stimulate
  investment and economy.
• Gradys famous speech Made three important
  points1) No longer two separate
  nationsMason-Dixon lined erased
• 2) Southern economy embracing industrialization
  over agriculture
• 3) Race relations had changedBlacks now partners
  with whites in this New South.

3
Henry W. Grady

• An Atlanta businessman
• A Journalist
• Owner of the Atlanta Constitution
• Determined to to bring the South into the
  industrial age

4

• We can assess Gradys points by assessing economy
  and race relations!
• 1) Economicallymajor infrastructure construction
  taking place (transportation, ports, roads, and
  communications) Federal money supported this
  infrastructure.
• 1880s, South very good RR systemGood Ports
  systemRichard H. Edmund along with Grady
  encouraged Northern and Foreign investment
• Southerners also clamored for IndustrializationCo
  tton/agriculture too unstable

5

• There were three economical/industrial
  advancements
• Cotton Industry, Iron and Steel, and Tobacco.
• Cottontransformed into a cotton industry of
  mills and factoriessponsored by outside
  capitalists
• (1880 161 factories1900 400)
• Unfortunately used racist hiring policies to keep
  Blacks in agriculture and keep Unions at bay

6
Southern Industry

• 2) Iron and Steellarge rich coal and ore
  deposits in the SouthSouth led the world in coal
  production
• Increased investments in Iron and SteelAndrew
  Carnegie controlled these industriesBirmingham a
  big steel center
• 3) Tobaccogrown in the South but rarely
  processed in the Southchanged by the 1880sDuke
  Tobacco brothers etc The South had transformed
  industrially, but it fails the test in race
  relations.
• (3 big industriesTimber and Naval Stores will
  also be big)

7
Share Cropping and Tenancy

• Emerged after the emancipation of the Slaves.
• Sort of a land lease program to help Freedmen who
  owned no land to farm and share in the profits of
  the Whites who did own the land
• Would receive all necessary to plant, reap and
  process, but essentially renting the items and
  the land.

8
Sharecropping and Tenancy

• Farmer always ended owing more than returnso it
  was a perpetual indebtedness
• Tenant Farmingthe renter furnished most of the
  equipment, animals, and all of the laborthe
  owner furnished the land and they shared in the
  profits
• Possible to emerge out of tenancy in
  theoryreality was different by 1930 there were
  1.8 million tenant and sharecropping farmers in
  the South.

9
Constitutional Processes

• Second part to Gradys litmus test of change.
• First deal with Constitution
• 13th amendmentguaranteed citizenship regardless
  of previous servitude (unless criminal)
• 14th amendmentessentially guarantees Due
  process and Equal protection

10
Constitutional Processes

• Section 2 of the 14th also stated that all people
  would be counted as a whole
• (Except Indians).
• This dismantled the 3/5ths compromise of 1787
• Also for electoral college votes it would only
  pertain to males 21yrs or older
• Any debt or property loss due to rebellion is
  also forgonecannot recoup lost slave money.
• 15th amendmentessentially sanctioned male
  suffrage in the U.S.

11
Constitutional Reality

• Blacks disenfranchised with state enactments of
  the Jim Crow Laws (more on this later)
• A system to ensure racial segregation in
  transportation, accommodations, schools, courts,
  etc
• Race relations in fact did not transform

12
The West

• Old West is a post Civil War phenomenon
  (1865-1890)
• Settlement of 430 million acresmore than at any
  other time in American History.
• 3 big empires rose and fell-Mining, Farming, and
  Cattle.

13
The West

• Ten new states entered the union by 1912 the
  lower forty-eight were complete
• Devastating Indian wars and relocation of a
  people
• Gunslingers, the Marlborough man, the rugged
  individualist John Wayne, Audie Murphy and Clint
  Eastwood
• Independent and free and of course HOLLYWOOD!!!

14
The West

• Many myths about the Old Westsome true and most
  embellished.
• Three questions
• 1) where was the old west?
• 2) when was the old west?
• 3) what comes to mind when we hear the term the
  old west?

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The West

• Before Civil War-referred to as the Great
  American Desertunfit for life or cultivation.
  (Surveyor Stephen H. Long labeled this).
• This retarded migrationsometime around the Civil
  Warthe exploits of the Mountain Men appeared in
  novels etc attitude changed to The Bountiful
  Garden.

16
The West

• What changed? Charles Dana Wilber and
  industrialization.
• Wilber preached that if settlers followed the
  science and plowalso would rain and bounty
  follow.
• Bizarre1870s Plains witnessed unusually high
  levels of rain fallthis encouraged settlement.
  In God we trusted, but in Kansas we busted.

17
The West

• So, the West is more than geographical terrain.
  More than a time line of 25 to 30 yr dominance in
  our history.
• It conjures up images
• Strong, self reliant, Cattle barons, Pioneer
  Women and menself-democracy-
• Cowboy!!!!

18
Frederick Jackson Turner

• The Significance of the frontier in American
  history.
• Other than Dime store novels, Turner was
  responsible for the academic interpretation of
  the Western reality and how it influenced America
  and its people.
• What did Turner mean by the frontier?

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Significance of the Frontier

• Posited four valid points
• 1) West not a physical place, but a process, a
  mind set of growth and expansionpoint where
  savagery meets civilization (a series of west's
  as it were)
• 2) The west is largely people leaving settled
  areas for the frontier (mindset and
  individualism)struggle to live in such an
  environmentexplains American development and
  exceptionalism

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Significance of the Frontier

• 3) Frontier produces American democracy and
  individualismmen are on their own and must be
  innovative and develop institutions outside the
  norm to function according to conditions Free
  land makes Free men.
• 4) Finally, frontier is closedthis is the first
  successful stage of American developmentAmerica
  is settled and civilizedeventually people will
  subordinate to societyno need for further
  expansion!

21
Frontier

• In sum, Civilization is a process in which
  society becomes evermore complex (natural
  progression of genius and innovation).
• As complexities increases, opportunities become
  more limited (technology, academia, skills)
• People will subordinate to society.

22
The West-The Cowboy

• Folklorehardened individual, free spirit,
  independent, rugged, solely alone interacting
  with nature
• Approx 35000 cowboys between 1864-1884.
• 63 White 25 Black and 12 Mexican

23
Cowboys and Cattle Kingdom

• Folklore, the hard drinking, brave sort of Noble
  Savage mentality that saved the day and rescued
  the girl is the myth of Hollywood. Tall dark and
  handsome. Randolph Scott and Audie Murphy.
• In reality, most were derelicts of society, neer
  do wells or adventure seeking-In a Wyoming
  round-up of 1875Cowboys were wild-eyed, shaggy
  hair, butternut trousers, great boots and in need
  of hygiene.

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Hollywoods Cowboy
25
Cowboy in Reality
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Cattle Towns

• Cattle towns in folklore Abilene and Dodge City
  were not booming towns dominated by Saloons and
  Brothels
• Certainly there were some but most governed
  strictly by LawCouldnt carry guns in town,
  Police walked the streetsseldom if ever was
  there the famed street Gun Fight of Hollywood.

27
Cattle Drives

• In 1865, Cattle were 3 to 4 dollars per head
• Back east, they were worth 10x that
• Made sense to get the western cattle to eastern
  marketsusually by train
• Over a 20 yr period 5 million cattle were driven
  up the Chisholm trail from Texas to Oklahoma or
  Kansas and eventually to Chicago.

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Cowboy Labor

• Cowboys were not individualists, they worked in
  close cooperation with each other and the trail
  Boss set of rigid range laws.
• Cowboys were everyday laborers who were hired by
  the owner to move the cattle to markets
• Most Cowboys joined labor unions to protect their
  interests ensure better working conditions and
  better wages.(1884 Cattle drive-Knights of
  labor-Cowboys on strike).

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Labor Unions

• Many Cowboys joined the Knights of Labor.
• The cattle barons also joined forces in Cattlemen
  Associationsall were trying to protect their
  interests
• In reality no one went it alone it does,
  however, reveal a growing complexity in American
  SocietyMyth was just that a myth!!!

30
Indian wars

• Civil warmany western troops went east to fight
• Indians took advantage of this to seek revenge on
  the Whites for treaty and social abuses
• After Civil warAmericans began their western
  progress in full earnest
• Moved for land, gold, commerce and adventurea
  slight reprieve on the encroachment of Indian
  landssort of false sense of security of the
  Indians.

31
Indian Wars

• Show down brewing between the old Americans and
  the New bullish Americans imbibed with Manifest
  destiny
• The beseiged Redman became threatened with
  extinctiona fundamental choice by the Indian,
  assimilation had been tried, appeasement too,
  nothing seemed to slow down the
  advancementtreaties made in good faith were
  worthlesssimple choice
• Surrender or Fight!!!!!!! Many chose to fight.

32
Indian Wars

• 25 year armed and brutal conflict
• Best described as Guerilla skirmishes, pursuits,
  massacres, raids, expeditions, battles and
  campaigns of various sizes and duration and
  intensity.
• Common denominator was vicious brutality!

33
Indian Wars

• Civil War ended, no one expected to have to fight
  one of the bloodiest wars in American history.
• Usually a garrison of federal troops were able to
  keep Indians at bayArmy focused on Southern
  occupation and neutralizing Maximillans attempts
  to colonize Mexico and eliminating the Fenian
  threat at bay on the northeastern border with
  Canada (Irish Brotherhood)a unreconstrcuted
  Rebels at bay marauding the West.

34
Indian Wars

• This however consumed America and how to deal
  with this Indian issue.
• Indians were a serious threat to American
  Hegemony and expansion
• Indians made some headway punishing settlers and
  Military outposts until after Custers debacle
• To protect Americas vital internal interests a
  comprehensive system of Forts were established
  along the Oregon, California, Bozeman, and Santa
  Fe trails.

35
Indian Wars

• Garrisons were designed to reconnoiter and
  protect the trails
• Early successes, between 1855-1857 US Troops had
  severely beaten back hostile Sioux and Comanche
  tribes
• Assumed post civil war would be same result

36
Indian Wars

• Very different this time the Indians were more
  consolidated in a unified effort
• We start with the great Sioux uprising in 1862
• This was in response to the US breaking the
  Fitzpatrick treaty of Fort Laramie of 1851.
• Lands ceded were now coveted and taken by Whites
  moving west due to the Homestead Act of 1862.

37
Indian wars

• Red Cloud saw through the trick of isolating each
  tribe on separate tracts of landeminent domain
  now comes into effect creates a fraction in
  Indian solidarity.
• Systematic stealing of lands begansome time the
  Indians fought back as in 1864Black kettle

38
Black Kettle

• Saw the futility of fighting the Americanssued
  for peacewas told that Indians would be fought
  until all Indian Arms were laid
• Assumed that meant peacewent to old lands from
  the Old Treaty in Sand Creek basin and settled
  hopefully in peace
• Nov 28, 1864, Col. Chivington surrounded the
  sleeping village at dawnattackedBlack Kettle
  waved the American flag to prove his alliance
• Many were butchered and killed women and
  childrenSoldiers used the butts of the rifles to
  kill children and babies to conserve ammunition.

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Retribution

• The Sioux and Comanche took this seriously500 of
  their brethren had been massacredthey in turn
  massacred and butchered many frontier families
  and settlers.
• By 1866, Indiansd tired of war agreed to
  surrender with the notin they may not settle
  these lands but retain hunting rightsSand Creek
  lands.
• Red Cloud protests the building of the Powder
  river road (Bozeman Trail)through Indian hunting
  landsdecides to go to war

40
Retribution

• Red Cloud formidable and viciousCaptain William
  J. Fettermans massacre went out on the Bozeman
  Trail to protect some woodcutters and Water
  bearerssaw a group of Indianput up a
  chaseIndians fled
• Fetterman followed them over a hillnever came
  backall 80 men were massacred in the most
  horrendous fashionbodies were mutilatedsome
  Troopers had over 80 arrows in themyounger
  Braves used the bodies as target practice.
• New Recruits were warned to never run out of
  ammunitionalways save the last bullet for
  yourselfmore humane than what the Indians would
  do to them if caught alive.

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Govt response

• 1) end the slaughter of both Whites and Indians
  on the frontiermore humane and equable
  policiesmany knew the system was to blametoo
  harsh punishment inflicted on Indians even for
  minor infractionsplacating Indians with Whiskey
  and guns was counterproductive
• 2) If they cannot be controlled on Reservations,
  then they are to be treated as hostiles and
  forced on Reservationsthis meant open warfare on
  any Tribe who refused to submit or did not
  understand the conditions of the treaty.

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Custer gets Involved

• Again Black Kettle is involved. Along the
  WashitaPresent day Fort Sill, Lawton
  OklahomaBlack Kettles tribe is being
  systematically starved due to abuses and
  misappropriationsthey took to raiding for food
• Sherman and Sheridan decide to punish a might
  blow to themCuster uses Chivingtons model of
  attacking at dawn and killing everyone he
  couldlucky for him Braves were off on hunting
  trip.
• Sherman and Sheridan report there should be
  little trouble left in the IndiansHow wrong they
  were.

43
Custer

• The raids and skirmishes intensify in number and
  viciousness
• Gold in the Black HillsCuster assigned
  protection duty of miners and surveyorsGovernment
  issues warningenter Black Hills at own riskno
  protection from military (wink, wink).
• By 1875-76 Indians were no off the reservation
  and retaliating every chance they got. Custer
  and the 7th cavalry assigned the duty of putting
  them back on the reservation.

44
Custer

• Govt put out decree late in the season(dec)
  declaring any Indians caught off reservation by
  Jan would be considered hostiletoo late for
  manythey were too far north or south to get back
  to mid-western reservationIndians travel as
  villages not as small parties

45
Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull

• Stay put forge for food and protect their village
  and people
• Set up camp along the Big Horn Rivera well
  defended area
• Custer part of an Army Group assigned to Gen
  terry and gen crookto force Sitting Bull back
  onto reservation.

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Custers last stand

• Custer, impetuous and crazy brave attacked
  Sitting Bulls village before Terry or Crook
  arrived. It ended in his complete slaughter and
  massacre.
• Fatal victory for the IndiansGovernment now
  determined to rid itself of the Indian
  questionended the major Indian warssome
  Geronimo and Cochise excursions in the southwest
  but essentially over-culminating in Wounded
  Knee

47
Conclusion of Indian wars

• Sporadic skirmishes for several years
• Wovoka, a Paiute messiah promised in a vision if
  one returned to the old ways and performed ritual
  ghost dances the Whiteman would disappearSioux
  adopted the Ghost Dance. Army wanted it
  stopped. To disarm an unarmed people it ended
  with Wounded Knee.

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Conclusion of Indian wars

• In reality, this brought to a final tragic end a
  30 year war in which the U.S. subdued a segment
  of its own population whose only crime was an
  insistence on maintaining their cultural identity
  rather than assimilate into a Euro-centric society