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THE ESSENCE OF COFFEE

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Title: THE ESSENCE OF COFFEE


1
THE ESSENCE OF COFFEE
  • SCAA
  • Trainers Guide to Specialty Coffee
  • Myth, History, Cultivation through Export

2
COFFEE BASICS
  • The Myth and History of Specialty Coffee
  • Myth
  • History
  • Migration from East to West
  • Spread of the Coffee House
  • In Europe
  • In America

3
Myth
  • The story of coffeeis steeped in Myth,intrigue,
    adventure,and peril.
  • This story begins in myth. The first of these
    concerns an Abyssinian (Ethiopian) goat herder
    named Kaldi.

4
  • Kaldi noticed his goats dancing and prancing
    after they ate a strange red berry.
  • Not to be left out of the fun, Kaldi too ate the
    berry and soon was dancing with his herd.
  • A wandering Abbot saw Kaldi and asked the goat
    herder about this strange exuberance of man and
    beast.

5
  • Believing that these berries might help his
    fellow monks remain awake during prayers, the
    Abbott returned to his group with berries in
    hand.

6
  • Yet another myth concerns the dervish, Omar.
    Legend has it that Omar was exiled by his enemies
    and condemned to die of starvation in the
    Yemenite desert.
  • One night he was awakened by a strange apparition
    that led him to a coffee tree.
  • Omar gathered the trees berries, boiled them,
    and when he could not eat the seeds, he drank the
    resulting brew.

7
  • Filled with a new vitality, Omar offered this
    strange beverage to some sick people that he
    encountered.
  • Their recovery compelled Omar to return to the
    Port of Mocha, in Yemen, with these magical
    berries.
  • Due to their restorative powers, coffee berries
    became regarded as a gift from God.

8
  • Other legends have tied coffee to such figures as
    Helen of Troy who may have brought it from Sparta
    to Troy as the wondrous drink of which Homer
    writes.

9
History
  • Botanists believe that coffee originated in
    Ethiopia and it is from here that coffee began
    its spread throughout the world.

10
  • As illustrated in some of the myths and legends,
    coffees use began as a food rather than as a
    beverage.
  • It is thought that African tribes would crush the
    ripe coffee berries and mix this fruit with
    animal fat to prepare a potent and invigorating
    food.
  • They would eat this mixture for nourishment and
    to arouse aggression in preparation for war.

11
  • The first coffee beverage was like a wine. The
    juice from fermented coffee berries was mixed
    with cold water to make an enticing beverage.
  • It was not until the Arabs began to boil the raw
    coffee beans (or seeds) that coffee became a hot
    drink.

12
  • While it is generally believed that coffee
    originated in Ethiopia, coffee was first
    cultivated in monastery gardens in neighboring
    Arabia (Yemen) at least 1000 years ago.
  • It is believed that Arab traders first brought
    coffee out of Ethiopia across the Gulf of Aden
    and into Yemen through the port of Mocha.
  • So much coffee was shipped through this port that
    Mocha became synonymous with coffee.

13
  • Like the Africans, the Arabians first made wine
    from the pulp of the fermented coffee berries.
  • Qahwah (Ka-wa), the Arabic word for wine was
    first used to describe coffee.
  • Since wine was forbidden by Islamic law, coffee
    was used to replace it.

14
  • Offered primarily in religious ceremonies and as
    a stimulant prescribed by doctors, coffee soon
    became popular and achieved wider use.
  • In order to meet growing demand, the Arabs
    developed a system of cultivation whereby
    seedling coffee plants were grown in nurseries.

15
  • When the plants were mature and sturdy enough,
    they were transplanted to the foothills where
    irrigation systems watered them and shade poplars
    kept them protected from the sun.

16
  • The popularization of coffee produced
    advancements in preparation.
  • While the fruit of the coffee berry had provided
    the first beverage, soon the coffee beans were
    being roasted and boiled to create a new,
    yellowish drink.

17
  • In about the 13th century, the next development
    arose in Turkey.
  • The roasted coffee bean as pulverized into powder
    which was then mixed with water, sugar, spices
    (such as cinnamon, cardamom, and cloves), and
    then boiled.
  • The result, which we call Turkish coffee, was a
    condensed brew that could be re-heated, served in
    tiny, potent portions and consumed as desired.

18
  • The invention of the Ibrik (an hourglass shaped
    boiling pot) speeded up the preparation process.

19
  • As coffee became more popular and began to lose
    its solely medicinal and religious connections,
    the first coffee houses opened in Mecca.
  • These coffee houses (or qahveh khaneh as they
    were called) provided a place for people to
    gather socially in order to gamble, listen to
    music, discuss religious and political issues,
    and to drink coffee.

20
  • The coffee houses, which would later spring up
    around the West, were fashioned after the
    original ones in Mecca, Constantinople, and
    Damascus.

21
  • Although religious and political leaders of the
    time found coffee houses somewhat threatening,
    their efforts to close them failed.
  • Coffee was too popular and was the lesser of
    other evilssuch as wine.

22
  • Coffee soon ventured from the coffee houses to
    the home where it was often celebrated through
    lavish ceremonies much like the tea ceremonies of
    Japan.

23
Migration from East to West
  • The journey of coffee to the rest of the world is
    full of theft and intrigue.
  • The Arabs so valued their coffee trade that they
    prohibited coffees removal from the country in
    its fertile form. Indeed, removal was punishable
    by death.

24
However, with coffees popularity, its spread
was inevitable.
Middle Eastern migration
25
  • It is believed that religious pilgrims that
    journeyed to Mecca may have smuggled the first
    coffee to other Middle Eastern countries such as
    Egypt, Syria, and Turkey.
  • Venetian traders may have been the first to carry
    the precious cargo out of the East and into Italy
    providing coffee with its first leap to Europe.

26
  • Denounced as an evil beverage of the Muslim
    infidels, Italian priests declared coffee to be
    the work of the Devil.
  • They wanted it to be banned so as to prevent
    those who drank it from falling into eternal
    damnation.

27
  • Near the end of the 16th century, Pope Clement
    VIII (8th) asked that this evil brew be brought
    to him.
  • He was so enthralled by the drink that he refused
    to ban it thus sanctioning coffees continued
    spread throughout the Christian world.

28
  • Although many countries including France, Italy,
    and Germany were competing to introduce the
    profitable coffee crop to their various colonies,
    it was Holland that first succeeded in this
    effort.

29
In 1616, the Dutch smuggled a coffee plant out of
Yemen and by 1658 had begun cultivation in the
colonies of Ceylon and Java.
30
  • Soon Amsterdam became a trading center for coffee
    grown in the Dutch colonies.
  • Coffee cultivation in the colonies was so
    successful that Java became a synonym for all
    coffee.

31
  • After several efforts to transport the coffee
    plant to France, success was achieved in 1714
    when a plant was sent from Amsterdam to King
    Louis XIV (14th).
  • This coffee plant was transplanted into the
    Kings Garden (The Jardin des Plantes) in Paris.

32
  • From this single plant, most of the coffee plants
    grown in the French colonies, South and Central
    America, and the Caribbean were born.
  • The theft of one of the seedlings from this
    coffee plant offers one of the most romantic of
    intrigues concerning coffees migration.

33
  • It involvesa youngFrenchnaval officerserving
    inthe colony of MartiniquenamedGabriel
    Mathieu de Clieu.

34
  • Having heard of the great success of the coffee
    plant in Java de Clieu believed that he could
    bring great fortune and prominence to France by
    cultivating the plant in the West Indies.
  • When in Paris, de Clieu asked the royal botanist
    for a seedling. The botanist had great success
    and had earned tremendous prestige for himself in
    the 10 years that he had cultivated the plant in
    the Kings garden.

35
  • Indeed the nobility often traveled to look at the
    wonderful hothouse coffee plant and, no doubt,
    praised the botanists efforts. Not wanting to
    lose any of this prestige, the botanist refused
    to allow any plants out of the garden.
  • de Clieu would not be dissuaded. So, with the aid
    of a doctor, de Clieu was able to collect a gang
    of masked men to storm the garden walls and to
    successfully steal a seedling from the garden.

36
  • Encased in a glass sided wooden frame the plant
    was carefully tended by de Clieu on the long sea
    voyage.
  • Although the voyage was plagued by pirates and
    storms, de Clieu maintained his protective watch.

37
  • Indeed, when water became scarce and the sea
    captain refused the coffee plant a ration, de
    Clieu shared his own precious water with the
    plant.
  • de Clieus efforts succeeded and the coffee plant
    arrived to Martinique healthy and flourishing.
  • Planted, surrounded by thorns, and then guarded
    by slaves, this plant thrived.

38
  • It is believed that within the next 50 years,
    there were nearly 19 million coffee plants on
    Martinique.
  • From Martinique, plants were taken to Haiti,
    Santo Domingo, and Guadeloupe.

39
  • As mentioned earlier, the Dutch took coffee to
    Java. In turn, they brought coffee with them from
    Java to Dutch Guyana (Surinam) in South America
    in 1718.

Migration to South America and surrounding islands
40
  • At this time, the French too were growing coffee
    in neighboring French Guyana.
  • When a border dispute erupted, a Brazilian named
    Francisco de Melo Palheta (Pie-yeah-ta) was
    called in to arbitrate.

41
  • As a reward, Palheta received a bag of coffee
    seeds and several seedlings from the French
    governors wife. Thus the Brazilian coffee
    industry was born.
  • By the end of the 18th century, coffee had become
    a highly profitable export crop for Brazil.

42
  • Coffees further expansion into what are now its
    growing regions proceeded in this manner of
    colonization.

43
Migration to the Caribbean basin, Central
America, and Mexico
44
  • The British first took coffee to Jamaica around
    1730.
  • Guatemala received her first taste of the coffee
    crop between 1750 and 1760.
  • It is believed that Don Francisco Xavier Navarro
    delivered coffee plants from Cuba to Costa Rica
    around 1779.
  • And that Mexico first acquired the coffee plant
    in about 1790.
  • In 1825 Hawaii received her precious cargo of
    seeds from a plantation in Rio de Janeiro.

45
Migration begins to return to Africa
46
  • A small island colony in the southwest Indian
    Ocean played a large role in supporting coffees
    migration around the world.
  • This French colony called Bourbon, now called
    Reunion, offered the perfect conditions for
    cultivating seedlings from King Louiss garden.

47
  • In fact, cultivation became so important that in
    1723 the colonial government decreed that every
    plantation was required to grow an additional two
    hundred coffee trees and that anyone who
    destroyed a coffee plant would be punished by
    death!

48
  • When sugar can became the islands preferred crop
    after islands preferred crop after 1825, Bourbon
    coffee seedlings found their way to South and
    Central American countries.
  • These seedlings gave rise to a strain of arabica
    coffee known as Bourbon.

49
  • Missionaries took this Bourbon strain to
    countries such as Brazil, Colombia, Peru, El
    Salvador, Mexico, and Kenya.
  • This global migration of coffee returned to
    Africa in 1878 with the introduction of coffee to
    British East Africa by British settlers.
  • By 1900, these settlers had commingled their
    crops with that Bourbon coffee strain originating
    from King Louis XIVs (14th) garden.

50
  • Coffee had found its way back home!

Coffee around the world
51
  • This accelerated spread of coffee around the
    world as a cash crop has, today, rendered coffee
    one of the largest commodities in the word2nd in
    dollar value only to oil!
  • Today, coffee is grown in over 50 countries.
  • And it supports the livelihoods of over 20
    million people in coffee producing and consuming
    nations around the world!
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