AP Psych Exam Prep

1
AP Psych Exam Prep

• Student-generated study guide for the AP
  Psychology Examination

2
Statistics and Research Methods

• Key Concepts
• This chapter is about experimentation,
  specifically
• Correlational research (are two things related?)
• Case Study approach (reading case files)
• Survey approach (giving surveys)
• Naturalistic observation (watching subject in
  nature)
• Longitudinal study (follows subjects over long
  periods of time)
• Cross-sectional study (follows many subjects with
  something in common)
• The goal of a psychological experiment is to
  define correlation and/or cause between two areas
  of psychological interest. The involves
  manipulating the independent variable and
  recording changes in the dependent variable as
  well as attempting to control other (confounding)
  variables. To accomplish this psychologists use
  such techniques as using representative samples
  (truly random), defining operational definition
  (what exactly they are measuring), making the
  experiment double-blind (neither the experimenter
  nor the subject knows whether they are a control
  or experiment group), and using placebos. Also,
  when order might matter psychologists use
  counterbalancing (meaning they do the experiment
  with one order and then others to see if there is
  a difference)
• Statistics descriptive statistics simply
  describe a scenario. Inferential statistics use
  descriptive statistics to make an inference about
  a scenario.
• Mean average
• Median middle number (so in 12345 the median
  would be 3)
• Mode most repeated number (so in 122345 mode
  2)
• Correlation coefficient (how accurate a study is.
  If the absolute value of the coefficient is
  close to one, it is very accurate. Positive
  means a positive correlation, and negative means
  a negative correlation.
• Statistical significance- usually when the
  correlation coefficient is greater than .95.
• Gamblers fallacythat the same number or
  combination cant appear twice in a row (when in
  fact the laws of randomness dictate they will at
  some point in time)
• Nominal data- names (Tom, James)
• Ordinal data- ordered data (1,2,3,4)
• Interval data- difference over an interval (40
  more teens smoked in 2004 than in 2005)

• Name Hall of Fame
• John B. Watson- father of Behaviorism
• Stanley Milgrams study on obedience to an
  authority
• Clever Hans the horse
• Wilhelm Wundt- est. 1st psychology lab, in
  Germany
• William James- wrote Principles of Psychology
  still highly respected today for its insights

• Essay Themes
• Designing and critiquing of experiments

3
Biological Bases of Behavior

• Key Concepts
• The Neural Chain consists of neurons- cells in
  the brains dendrites- branch-like projections
  that receive messages from other neurons
  soma-the cell body axon- the tail of the
  neuron along which electrical signals are
  conducted. Terminals- knobs at the end of axon
  neurotransmitters are released into synapse (the
  gap between the terminals of one neuron and the
  dendrites of receiving neuron) after neuron is
  fired there is refractory period where the cell
  cant fire again.
• Neurotransmitters can be excitatory (stimulating)
  or inhibitory (slowing) agonist drugs that
  mimic action of neurotransmitters antagonist-
  drug that blocks action of neurotransmitter
• The Nervous Systemconsists of CNS- brain and
  spinal cord PNS- sensory and motor neurons that
  connect the CNS to the rest of the body PNS
  divided into 2- somatic system- controls
  voluntary actions of the body autonomic system-
  largely voluntary and is further broken down into
  the sympathetic and parasympathetic system
• Frontal- executive of brain, carrying out
  planning, decision making and judgement
• Parietal- houses the somatosensory area, governs
  sense of touch, temp., and pain.
• Occipital- houses the visual cortex
• Temporal- houses auditory cortex, processes info
  from both
• Reticular Formation- area that controls the
  arousal to attend to stimuli
• Thalamus- located in midbrain routes or relays
  sensory info to appropriate destinations.
• Medulla- old brain- helps control breathing and
  swallowing.
• Cerebellum- center for motor function Pons-
  oldest structure of brain.
• Limbic System Hippocampus forms new memories
  Amygdala associated with anger, fear, sex drive,
  responsible for evaluating emotional relevance
  of incoming info Hypothalamus works w/pituitary
  gland to regulate eating, drinking, sex drive
• Genetic predisposition humans are born w/a
  tendency toward certain behaviors or
  characteristics (NOT BORN WITH TRAITS)

• Name Hall of Fame
• Roger Sperrys experiments w/ split
  brain(severed corpus callosum-structure
  connecting 2 halves of the brain) patients
  concluded that the left side of the body is
  governed by right brain and vice versa. He also
  found that the left side of the brain houses
  language centers- including BROCAS area
  (controls speech muscles via motor cortex and
  WERNICKES area (allows words to have meaning, or
  interprets auditory code). Split brain patients
  are able to adapt over time.
• Phineas Gage injured in accident doing RR work
  personality altered after metal rod driven
  through skull in frontal lobe and severed it from
  limbic system.

• Essay Themes
• How do neurotransmitters and hormones work to
  affect our behavior
• Know the basic functions/structures of brain
• Concept of genetic predispositions

4
Sensation and Perception

• Key Concepts
• Sensation- process of attending to and taking in
  stimuli from the environment (Sound, taste,
  touch, smell and vision)
• Hearing Pitch- a tones highness or lowness
• Taste- four sensations sweet, sour, salty and
  bitter.
• Emotional responses to taste are hard-wired
• We can still taste even without our tongue.
• Smell- five million receptor cells at each nasal
  cavity
• Olfactory receptors- recognize different odors.
• Touch- four senses pressure, warmth, could and
  pain
• Vestibular sense-body balance, located at the
  semicircular canals in the inner ear Kinesthetic
  sense- body part position and movement,
  receptors in joints and muscles
• Sensory interaction- the principle that one sense
  may influence another, as when the smell of food
  influences its taste
• Visual system Rods- sees black/right, and
  light/dark Cones- sees color, and clarity/acuity
• Visual cortex- responsible for processing visual
  information
• Blind spot- back of the eye, no rods and cones
• Trichromatic theory- three colors, red, green,
  and blue, combine to see other colors
• Opponent process theory- two kinds of cones (red
  and green)(blue and yellow)
• Absolute threshold- minimum amount of stimulus
  you can detect at least 50 of the time it is
  presented
• Difference threshold- the smallest difference
  between two stimuli that a subject can detect at
  least 50 of the time
• Webers Law- two stimuli must differ by a
  constant proportion for a difference between them
  to be detected

• Name Hall of Fame
• Ernst Weber- Webers Law
• Gustav Fechner- the just noticeable difference or
  difference threshold

• Essay Themes
• Set, expectancy, schemas- our perceptual set or
  mindset affects our perception of the world
  around us our past experiences lead us to expect
  certain outcomes our schema is a framework we
  have in our heads based on our past experiences

5
States of Consciousness

• Name Hall of Fame
• -Hobson and McCarley- activation-synthesis dream
  theory
• -Enest Hilgard
• -Martin Orne- study of hypnosis
• -Sigmund Freud

• Key Concepts
• Sleep- Five stages of sleep, stages 1-4 progress
  from light to deep sleep, stage 5 is called
  R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) Sleep cycle goes
  from 1,2,3,4 then back down 4,3,2,1, and then
  enters REM
• Stage 1- light sleep, characterized by fairly
  rapid brain wave activity (recorded on EEG)
• Stage 2- characterized by sleep spindles, spikes
  of very rapid electrical activity (largest
  percent of total sleep time spent in stage 2)
• Stage 34- deep sleep or delta sleep, breathing
  and heart rate decrease
• REM- active sleep/paradoxical sleep, brain is
  active, elevated hear rate and blood pressure,
  major muscle groups are paralyzed, where dreaming
  occurs REM deprivation studies suggest we need
  REM sleep
• circadian rhythms- our biological clock (daily
  rhythm)
• restorative theory- we sleep in order to
  rest/recuperate memory consolidation theory- we
  sleep so we can dream in order to sift through
  the days good/bad memories adaptive
  non-responding theory- evolutionary theory that
  it has always been safer/adaptive (good for ones
  survival) to sleep at night
• Sleep Disorders
• -Hypersomnia- getting/needing too much sleep
• -Narcolepsy- a sudden, involuntary drop into
  sleep
• -Apnea- sufferer frequently stops breathing
  during the nigh and must re-start themselves by
  awakening to some degree
• -Night terrors- a frightened awakening w/ high
  physiological arousal (sweating, increased heart
  rate, etc) w/ no recall in the morning
• Dreams
• -Activation-synthesis theory- we synthesize or
  combine random elements into a dream or story
  line
• -Most well known dream theory comes from Freudian
  psychoanalytic school of thought Freud dreams
  are the holy road to the unconscious
• Hypnosis
• -Two interpretations (1) very relaxed state in
  which the subject is more open to suggestion (2)
  altered state of consciousness (Ernest Hilgard)
• Psychoactive Drugs-a chemical substance that
  impacts behavior, perceptions, moods, or mental
  processes

Essay Themes Know about Freud and psychoanalysis
for part of a possible essay question
6
Learning Theory

• Name Hall of Fame
• Ivan Pavlov
• 1. experimented with dogs salivation after
  hearing a metronome without the presentation of
  food, dogs associate tone with food
• 2. unconditioned stimulus (food), conditioned
  stimulus (metronome), unconditioned response (
  salivation at presentation of food), conditioned
  response ( salivation at the sound of metronome)
• John B. Watson
• 1. studied behaviorism
• 2. Little Albert (white rat-gtloud noisefearful
  response)
• B. F. Skinner
• 1. connects behaviors with the consequences
• Social/Observational Learning Insight Learning
  (Kohler) Latent Learning (Tolman) Learned
  Helplessness (Seligman)

• Key Concepts
• Classical Conditioning- based on the making of
  associations
• Ex getting excited when you hear the music of
  an ice cream truck due to the music reliably
  predicting the arrival of the truck
• Taste Aversions associate illness with certain
  food
• Counter-conditioning ( replace relaxation with
  fear)
• Operant Conditioning (B. F. Skinner) connects
  behaviors with the consequences Positive
  reinforcement (encourages good behavior)
  Negative reinforcement (encourages bad behavior)
  Punishment (discourages behavior) Primary
  reinforcers (unlearned) Secondary reinforcers
  (learned)
• Continuous Schedules- Fixed Ratio (FR)specified
  number of desired responses Variable Ratio
  (VR)amount of responses not specified Fixed
  Interval (FI)specified passage of time Variable
  Interval (VI)varied period of time

• Essay Themes
• Compare/contrast operant and classical
  conditioning
• The major schools of thought in Psychology
  (Behaviorism, Psychoanalytic, Cognitive,
  Biomedical, Humanist)

7
Memory

• Key Concepts
• Retrieval- the process of getting information out
  of memory storage
• Recognition- a measure of memory in which the
  person need only identify items previously
  learned, as on a multiple-choice test
• Implicit memories- retention independent of
  conscious recollection. Also called procedural
  memory.
• Explicit memories- memory of facts and
  experiences that one can consciously know and
  declare. Also called declarative memory.
• Serial position effect- our tendency to recall
  best the last and first items in a list.
• Framing- the way an issue is posed how an issue
  is framed can significantly affect decisions and
  judgments.
• Scans of the brain in action, and autopsies of
  people who had amnesia, reveal that new explicit
  memories of names, images, and events are laid
  down via a limbic system structure called the
  hippocampus.
• When brain scans capture the brain giving birth
  to a memory they reveal activity in the
  hippocampus as well as in certain areas of the
  frontal lobes
• Forgetting
• Proactive interference- the disruptive effect of
  prior learning on the recall of new information.
• Retroactive interference- the disruptive effect
  of new learning on the recall of old information.
• Suppress- bring out happy memories
• Repress- bury painful memories
• Decay- the storage of memory decays as time goes
  on
• Memory encoding the more something is
  processed, the better the chances of recall
  Chunking a means of facilitating encoding by
  breaking up numbers into 'chunks Schema a
  cognitive framework based on your current
  assumptions
• Encoding error types, illustration using the 7
  dwarfs
• Semantic remembering a dwarf who was really
  smart (the dwarf was doc)
• Acoustic remembering dumpy or bumpy (the dwarf
  was grumpy)

• Name Hall of Fame
• Elizabeth Loftus- people repress and suppress
  their memories eyewitness testimony study

Essay Themes Eyewitness recalls- can we trust
it? Short-term memory and long term memory- how
they work together?
8
Thought and Language

• Key Concepts
• THOUGHT Concepts- ideas that are grouped
  together because of shared characteristic. ex-
  Scottie and poodle- both dogs, but different
  Prototype is the best example of a particular
  thingConvergent thinking- the answer that one
  believes is what someone else wants to hear
  Divergent thinking- creative thinking "thinking
  outside of the box Incubation-leave an idea for
  a while and allow the mind to work on it
  unconsciously Humans are unique- metacognition
  which is thinking about one's own thinking and
  problem solving skills.
• Algorithm is a step-by-step method of that
  guarantees a solution while heuristics are
  shortcuts, but doesn't promise an answer
  Availability heuristic is judging a situation
  according to what evidence is available
  ex-(afraid of plane crashes because they are more
  televised, when car crashes are much more
  common.) Representativeness heuristic is judging
  based on what we expect based on what we have
  experieced in the past.
• Humans are sometimes limited by
  functional fixedness where people can only see
  something for it's conventional use Mental set
  is fixation of a particular way to solve a
  problem, trying to solve all problem the same
  way Framing- a way of presenting a problem that
  influences the way it is viewed Confirmation
  bias is our willingness to believe information
  that supports our views and ignore ones that
  differ from our view points.
• Language How we acquire language and how it
  effects behavior is called psycholinguistics
  There is a debate between psychologists about to
  what extent we are programmed for language before
  birth stages of speech development. Cooing (2
  months), Babbling (same around the world at
  first, but then develops the basic sounds, or
  phonemes, of the surrounding language),
  Holophrastic (express thoughts in one word),
  Telegraphic speech (2 or 3 words)

• Name Hall of Fame
• Noam Chomsky- theory of Language Acquisition
  device
• Richard Kahnemon and Amos Tverley- researched
  problem solving
• "Genie" and Victor "the wild child"- case studies
  about nature vs. nurture with regards to language
  and critical periods
• Whorfian Hypothosis or Linguistic Relativity
  Theory- says that language influences the way we
  think

Essay Themes Critical Period Theory- window of
time when a child is most ready to learn
language, and if this opportunity is missed, they
might never be able to catch up
9
Developmental Psych

• Key Concepts
• Developmental theories divided into 2 categories
  
• 1.) Continuity theory propose that development
  is very gradual 2) Discontinuity theory changes
  occur more dramatically
• Teratogen is anything that harms the organism
  prenatal Ex. Alcohol
• Imprinting is a newborns response to a stimulus
  in its environment Konrad Lorenz tinkered with
  this natural mechanism by replacing a mother duck
  with a surrogate
• Harry Harlow refers to human newborns that need
  physical touch as contact comfort
• Reflexes-Sucking, grasping, rooting (baby
  imitates steps), and moro or startle reflex
• Babies mimic facial expressions
• 4 stages of cognitive development -Sensorimotor
  stage (birth 2yrs) explore environment
  Preoperational stage (2 -7 yrs)- child pretend
  plays Concrete operational stage (7-11 yrs)-
  logical thinking Formal operational stage (11
  yrs and on)- considers future
• Primary sex characteristics- directly involved
  with reproduction Secondary sex characteristics-
  development of puberty
• Elisabeth Kubler-Ross Formulated a stage theory
  addressing our encounters with grief 5 stages-
  Denial, anger, bargaining, depression and
  acceptance
• Laurence Kohlberg used a fictional story called
  The Heinz Dilemma to evaluate levels of moral
  reasoning in children
• -Preconventional level (4- 10 yrs old) focus is
  rewarded
• -Conventional level (10 13 yrs old) focus on
  social conventions
• -Postconventioanl level (13) moral decisions
  based on right or wrong

• Name Hall of Fame
• Eleanor Gibson did a visual cliff apparatus
• Jean Plaget studied the thinking of youngsters
• Mary Ainsworth found attachment styles for
  children
• -Avoidant-child ignores mother when returns
• -Secure-child distressed when mother
  leaves
• -Resistant-child sends mix message
• -Disorganized-child appears confused
• Diana Baumrind described a set of parenting
  styles
• -Authoritarian-parents establish rules strict
• -Authoritative-parents are willing to listen
  explain rules
• -Permissive-parents give children their freedom
• -Neglectful-parents ignore raising their
  children
• -Democratic-everyone has equal say in the family
• Erik Erikson Stage theory of psychosocial
  development across the life span
• -Trust vs. mistrust (birth 18 m)
• -Autonomy vs. shame (18 m 3 yrs old) sense of
  internal control
• -Initiative vs. guilt (3 7 yrs old) sense of
  right and wrong
• -Industry vs. inferiority (7 10 yrs old)
  masters basic skills for success in society

Essay Themes Stage Theories Nature vs. Nurture
debate
10
Motivation and Emotion

• Key Concepts
• Ethology- focuses on biological bases for
  behavior. Instinct innate, preprogrammed,
  unlearned behavior in response to some stimulus
• Sociobiology- people behave in ways that are most
  likely to perpetuate and assure the survival of
  their own genes.
• Drive Theory- we all have needs that must be
  fulfilled. Maintain homeostasis.
• Cognitive Dissonance Theory- we strive to bring
  our thoughts, attitudes and behaviors into
  agreement with each other. Cognitive
  homeostasis
• Arousal Theory- each of us has his/her own sense
  of appropriate arousal and we act in ways to
  remain at a comfortable arousal level.
• Yerkes Dodson Law prediction about the
  relationship between arousal level and
  performance suggests that there is an interaction
  between aroused states, the difficulty of the
  task to be carried out and eventual performance
  on that task.
• Incentive Theory- we are pulled toward behaviors
  by rewards or incentives External (extrinsic
  motivation)- payment, cash Internal (intrinsic
  motivation)- personal satisfaction
• Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs- Maslow
  theorized that we all have needs we must meet. We
  are motivated to meet those needs Physiologic
  needs- food and water Shelter and safety needs
  Need for belonging and companionship Self
  esteem Self actualization
• Lateral Hypothalamus- hunger center
• Ventromedial Hypothalamus- satiety center
• Cultural Contributions- TV ideals of beauty
• Social Contributions- eating at social events
• External Cues- food is prepared. Time for lunch
  
• Aggression
• Hostile Aggression- carried out for its own sake
  Instrumental Aggression- aggression working
  toward some other goal besides the aggression
  itself. Ex bumping someone out of the way to get
  possession of the ball.
• Emotion James-Lange Theory- physiological
  changes occur and then later label those signs of
  emotion Cannon-Bard Theory- recognition of
  physiological changes and the awareness of the
  emotion are processed simultaneously by the
  thalamus Schachter-Singer Theory- one can
  interpret the identical physical sensations
  differently according to the context in which
  they occur.

• Name Hall of Fame
• Abraham Maslow- Hierarchy of needs
• Clark Hull- Drive theory
• Edmund Wilson- Sociobiology
• Konrad Lorenz- ethology
• Leon Festinger- Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Essay Themes Opponent Process Theory Account for
some particular human behavior from the different
motivation perspectives ie ethology,
sociobiology, etc.
11
Personality

• Key Concepts
• Personality Theories
• -Nature vs Nurture- predisposed biology or
  learned behavior.
• -Stability of personality across situations- do
  we have characteristics same no matter the
  situation?
• -Situationist- people have different
  personalities for different situations
• Trait Theory
• -Trait- characteristic tendency toward certain
  behaviors or emotions no matter what the
  situation.
• -Cardinal trait- dominates. Central trait- second
  most dominant. Secondary trait- less defining.
• -Factor analysis- 16 personality factors to
  catalog traits
• -Type A personality- driven, competitive, rigid,
  intense Type B personality- laid back, easy
  going
• -Big Five openness, conscientiousness,
  extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
• Psychoanalytic Theory -Unconscious conflict,
  having to do with early childhood (Freud)
  Iceberg effect- conscious mind on top,
  unconscious mind bottom of iceberg Id-
  unconscious mind Ego- how one behaves Superego-
  how one should behave Defense mechanisms-denial,
  projection, regression, and suppression
  Psychosexual stages- Oral, anal, phallic,
  latency, genital
• Neo-Freudians- Jung and Horney- thought Freud put
  too much emphasis on male bias and sexual
  conflict
• Social Cognitive Theory and Behavioral Theory-
  Self efficacy-sense that one can control outcomes
  in ones environment Attribution Theory-
  situational, dispositional, fundamental
  Explanatory styles- how you explain a situation,
  positively or negatively
• Humanistic Theory - People strive to reach
  fullest potential, which includes
  self-actualization and fully functioning.

• Name Hall of Fame
• Perspective/Name
• Psychoanalytic/Freud
• Learning/Skinner
• Social cognitive/ Behavioral/Bandura
• Humanist/Maslow

• Essay Themes
• Explain anxiety/depression from each of the
  following perspectives psychoanalytic,
  behavioral, cognitive, etc.

12
Testing and Individual Differences

• Key Concepts
• Intelligence Quotient (I.Q.)/ Emotional Quotient
  (E.Q.) I.Q.
• mental age/chronological age x 100, E.Q. or
  emotional intelligence is the ability to
  perceive, express, understand, and regulate
  emotions.
• Mental age chronological age typical of a given
  level of performance applies to children only
• Gifted/retarded gifted- high I.Q., over 130 to
  140 retarded- low I.Q., below 70
• Flynn effect I.Q. scores have steadily risen in
  America in the last half century
• Achievement vs aptitude tests mastery of some
  body of knowledge or skills vs ability to do or
  learn something in the future Performance vs
  paper and pencil actually doing a task vs tests
  like those in school
• Personality assessment self report
  inventories- ex) Minnesota Multiphasic
  Personality Inventory (M.M.P.I.) and Myers-Briggs
  Inventory Projective tests subjects impression
  of ambiguous stimuli is thought to say
  something about that individual, ex) Rorschach
  and Thematic Apperception Test (T.A.T.)
• Characteristics of Sound Assessment
  Standardized- given in same manner, under same
  time limitations, and with identical instructions
  from administrator to administrator
  Norms-established by giving an assessment to a
  representative sample of individuals similar to
  the population for whom the test is designed
  Reliability- consistency of scoring procedures,
  types of reliability-test/retest, split half,
  inter-rater, intra-rater Validity- whether or
  not the test actually assesses what it claims to
  assess

• Name Hall of Fame
• Defining Intelligence
• Charles Spearman General Intelligence (G) and
  Specific Intelligence (S)
• Louis Thurstone identified eight clusters of
  primary mental abilities opposed Spearmans G
• J. P. Guilford cube model- like a rubics cube
  where each block is a type of intellectual
  ability, over 100 types in model
• Raymond Cattell crystallized intelligence-accumul
  ated knowledge and verbal skills, increases with
  age and fluid intelligence- ability to reason
  speedily and abstractly, decreases with age
• Robert Sternbergs Triarchic Theory- agrees with
  MI, believes in three aspects of intelligence-
  analytical, creative, and practical
• Howard Gardners theory of multiple
  intelligences (MI), intelligence is not one thing
  but made up of many things
• Testing
• Alfred Binet father of intelligence testing,
  first person to develop intelligence test, the
  test assessed ones ability to learn
• Lewis Terman Standford-Binet, amended English
  version of Binets test, still used today to
  measure I.Q.
• David Wechsler Wechsler Intelligence Scale for
  Children (WISC) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence
  Scale (WAIS), these are the most commonly used
  I.Q. tests, tests developed for specific age
  groups

Essay Themes Test bias two types of bias- test
detects not only innate differences but also
differences caused by cultural experiences, often
test items make middle-class assumptions bias
can also mean whether a test is less valid for
some groups than for others Culture fair testing
similar to test bias, cultures vary so
intelligence will vary from culture to culture
13
Abnormal Psychology

• Key Concepts
• Clinical psychology field of study devoted to
  the causes, characteristics, and treatments of
  psychological disorders
• DSM-IV-R Diagnostic and statistical manual
  helps clinicians to identify mental disorders
  controversial because labels from manual could
  cause the individual to live up to the symptoms
  accompanying the disease
• Operational definition of each disorder describe
  their characteristics and the frequency and
  duration of those symptoms
• Abnormal Behavior behavior that is disturbing to
  others, violates cultural standards, disturbing
  to self, and irrational and maladaptive
• Mood or Affective disorders Major depression
  deep sadness, feeling hopeless Seasonal
  affective major depression triggered by changes
  in season Bipolar sudden shifts in mood from
  deep depression to extreme euphoria
• Biomedical model focuses on brain chemistry
• Sociocultural theorists social and environmental
  factors lead to a disorder
• Dissociative disorders Dissociative fugue
  amnesia and physical relocation Dissociative
  amnesia large scale memory loss for events or
  identity
• Types of Schizophrenia Paranoid delusions and
  hallucinations
• Disorganized confused speech and inappropriate
  emotions Catatonic no emotion or responsibility
  and frozen body parts
• Undifferentiated category for all others
• Diathesis stress model- biological
  predisposition environment
• Developmental disorders Autism, Attention
  deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, Conduct disorder
• Personality disorders Antisocial rebellious,
  deceitful, manipulative Narcissistic
  exaggerated sense of ones own value Histrionic
  insatiable need for attention Paranoid chronic
  sense of being observed Border line
  instability
• Somatoform disorders Conversion disorder
  convert psychological stress to physical
  symptoms Hypochondriasis preoccupation with
  fear of an illness

• Name Hall of Fame
• David Rosenhan conducted a study that showed how
  the application of a label influences how
  subsequent behaviors are perceived. He reported
  hearing voices, was admitted to an institution as
  a schizophrenic. Once admitted he returned to
  normal behavior and never reported auditory
  hallucinations. No one from the staff ever caught
  on even though he remained a patient for 3 wks.

• Essay Themes
• Major schools of psychological thought

14
Treatment of Psychological Disorders

• Key Concepts
• trephining- drilling of hole into skull of
  patient to show evil disorder causing spirits the
  door
• Philipe Pinel (19th century France) Dorthea Dix
  (19th Century America) tried to get other to see
  sufferers require nurturance and treatment, not
  incarceration.
• 20th century- deinstitutionalization, those with
  mental disorders can be helped, even cured
• Psychiatrist- medical doctor with specialty in
  mental health, can prescribe medicine Clinical
  psychologist- PhD rather than MD, refer you to
  get medicine Counselor- licensed to practice
  psychotherapy
• Eclectic- rely on many different techniques
• Key to success- warmth/trust in relationship
• Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Model
• -Psychoanalytic- achieve insight through
  uncovering of unconscious internal conflict Free
  association- patient lets mind roam freely,
  release of feelings is cathartic Word
  association Dream Interpretation
• -Psychodynamic- attempts to focus more on here
  and now, weekly/less long term therapy sessions
• Behavioral Model- Classical/operant conditioning
  with social learning Token economies-
  reinforcers for desired behavior, trade in coin
  for some reward Aversive therapy- stop
  problematic behaviors with negative association
  Systematic desensitization- most successful,
  deconditioning responses to fears, aka
  counter-conditioning (replacing one response with
  a more desirable one) Implosion/implosive
  therapy- mental flooding
• Cognitive Model
• -focus on hurtful/irrational though processes

• Name Hall of Fame
• Albert Ellis rational emotive therapy
  (Cognitive)
• Aaron Beck (cognitive school of thought)
• Neo-Freudians Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen
  Horney
• David Rosenham
• Abraham Maslow motivation and personality
  theory
• Carl Rogers Rogerian Approach, person/client
  centered therapy, UPR (unconditional positive
  regard)
• Philipe Pinel (19th century France) Dorthea Dix
  (19th Century America) tried to get other to see
  sufferers require nurturance and treatment, not
  incarceration.

Essay Themes major schools of psychological
thought
15
Social Psychology

• Key Concepts
• Social psychology examines the impact of groups
  on individuals exploring the human interplay
  between self and others.
• Di-individualization a term used to account for
  some individual behaviors in group settings.
  This could describe any sense of the loss of
  identity and personal responsibility in a crowd.
• Social trap sometimes individuals behave in ways
  that are unproductive simply because they fear
  others might do so.
• Tragedy of the commons this is a kind of
  social trap. A long-term self-interest is best
  supported by cooperation, but people often end up
  competing, to the detriment of all.
• Social loafing individuals in a group that
  apply less effort then they would if on their
  own.
• Group think members of a group find themselves
  going along with the flow of the group.
• Group polarization group decisions end up as
  extreme versions of the individual members
  predispositions.
• Social facilitation suggests that the audience
  influences you in ways that depend upon the task
  you are performing.
• Social inhibition an audience gathers around
  when you are trying to do something youve never
  done before its likely its presence will hinder
  your performance.
• Compliance he has essentially persuaded you to
  choose to do what he wants to do.

• Name Hall of Fame
• Stanley Milgram- electric shock study
• Solomon Asch- conformity studies
• Philip Zimbardo- conducted mock prison study at
  Stanford University
• Fritz Heider- attribution theory

• Essay Themes
• Obedience and conformity (the studies of Asch and
  Milgram)
• Attribution theory and the attitudes and concept
  of prejudice