Linnaeus, Mendeleev, Dewey, and Ranganathan: What can they tell us about the organization of information today?

1
Linnaeus, Mendeleev, Dewey, and RanganathanWhat
can they tell us about the organization of
information today?
2
Purpose

• To gain insights about the creation of universal
  languages of discourse.
• To understand better the intellectual capital
  invested in legacy conceptual systems.
• To relate these insights to our current
  challenges in organizing information in the
  digital age.

3
Classification and name-giving

• The first step in wisdom is to know the things
  themselves this notion consists in having a true
  idea of the objects objects are distinguished
  and known by classifying them methodically and
  giving them appropriate names. Therefore,
  classification and name-giving will be the
  foundation of our science.
• Linnaeus, Carolus (1964). Systema Naturae, 1735.
  Facsimile of the first edition, with an
  introduction and a first English translation of
  the "Observationes" by M. S. J. Engle-Ledeboer
  and H. Engel. Nieuwkoop De Graaf.

4
Before Linnaeus

• Ancients
• Theophrastus (ca.370ca.286 B.C.) - categorized
  plants into trees, shrubs, undershrubs, herbs.
• Dioscorides (first century A.D.) categorized
  plants according to their medical and therapeutic
  properties and uses.
• 16th Century
• Otto Brunfels (14641534), Leonhard Fuchs
  (15011566) herbalists who tried to describe
  and illustrate all known plants.
• Andrea Caesalpino (15191603) began to focus on
  organizing plants by fruits and seeds, including
  superior and inferior ovaries and the number of
  locules in an ovary.
• Johann Bauhin (15411631) treated about 5,000
  plants and their synonymies with good diagnoses
  in his illustrated Historia Plantarum
  Universalis.
• Caspar Bauhin (15601624) produced a Pinax,
  containing names and synonyms of 6,000 species,
  and pioneered the use of binomial nomenclature.
• 17th century
• Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (16561708) used a
  form classification that divided plants into
  groups based on petal characters.
• John Ray (16281705) classified some 18,000
  species in his Methodus Plantarum, using a system
  based on form and gross morphology of plant
  structures.
• Source Order from Chaos Linnaeus Disposes
  http//huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Exhibitions/Ord
  erFromChaos/pages/02Linnaeus/search.shtml

5
18th Century Europe

• Lavished attention on natural history
• Fashionable to own collections of stuffed birds,
  pressed flowers, preserved butterflies,
  seashells, etc.
• European powers engaged in worldwide and local
  expeditions to identify natural products that are
  of economic importance.
• Europeans encountered thousands of species of
  plants, animals, and rocks/minerals each year.
• Farber, P. (2000). Finding order in nature the
  naturalist tradition from Linnaeus to E.O.
  Wilson. Baltimore, Md. Johns Hopkins University
  Press.

6
Early graphic representations of the
relationships between living organisms.
Source Withgott, J. Is it So long, Linnaeus?
BioScience, 50(8) 646-651.
7
Binomial Nomenclature Linnean Taxonomy

• Generic (one-word) and specific name (two-word)
• In Latin
• First letter of generic in upper-case specific
  name all in lower-case (e.g. Homo sapiens)
• Genus name shortened to the first letter in
  subsequent mention of the name but never omitted
  (e.g. H. sapiens)
• Genus and species names always italicized names
  of higher taxa are not.
• Authorship of names
• Trinomials for subspecies
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature
  

• Human (Homo sapiens)
• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Subphylum Vertebrata
• Class Mammalia
• Subclass Eutheria
• Order Primates
• Suborder Haplorhini
• Family Hominidae
• Genus Homo
• Species sapiens

8
Uniform Description
See full explanation at Order from Chaos
Linnaeus Disposes. The Linnean System in
Action. http//huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Exhibit
ions/OrderFromChaos/pages/02Linnaeus/system.shtml
9
Carl Linnaeus

• Born May 23, 1707 in Rashult, Sweden.
• Died January 10, 1778 in Uppsala, Sweden.
• His father, a clergyman, maintained an impressive
  garden. Gave the young Linnaeus his own small
  garden to tend.
• His toys were flowers. (Caddy, 1887)
• Linnaeus Latin motto Tantus amor Florum! (such
  a great love of flowers)
• A doctor of medicine.
• Blunt, W. (2001). Linnaeus the compleat
  naturalist. London Princeton University Press.
• Caddy, F. (1887). Through the fields with
  Linnaeus a chapter in Swedish history. Boston
  Little, Brown, and Co.

10
Linnaeus Lapland Journey

• May to October 1732, covered 3,000 miles.
• 25 years of age.
• Work based on these travels Flora Lapponica

11
Linnaea borealis (twinflower)
Source http//www.forestryimages.org/images/768x5
12/0807053.jpg
12
Sexual Parts of a Flower

• Anthers are the male genital organs when they
  strew their genital flour (pollen) on the stigma,
  the female genital organ, fertilization takes
  place. (Linnaeus, Systema Naturae)
• Image sources (left) www.linnaeus.uu.se/
  online/lvd/2_1.html (right)
  http//images.encarta.msn.com

13
Graphs and tables in Systema Naturae
14
Observation and the naked eye

• I predict, that botanists surely will say, that
  my method presents too great a difficulty notably
  for examining the very small parts of a flower,
  which one can hardly see with the naked eye. I
  reply if everybody interested would have a
  microscopium (magnifying glass!), a most
  necessary instrument, at hand, what work would
  there be left? I myself, however, have examined
  all these plants with the naked eye, and without
  any use of a microscopium.
• Linnaeus, Carolus (1964). Systema Naturae, 1735.
  Facsimile of the first edition, with an
  introduction and a first English translation of
  the "Observationes" by M. S. J. Engle-Ledeboer
  and H. Engel. Nieuwkoop De Graaf.

15
Questions for us

• What are the objects of our observation as
  information professionals?
• Taking into consideration our tools for
  observation (cameras, videorecorders,
  audiorecorders, etc.), how do we characterize
  observation in the digital age?
• To what extent are our senses involved?
• What sensual impressions does the world have on
  us?

16
Linnaeus and the theory of evolution

• Linnaeus nested hierarchy of groups within
  groups fit well with many peoples conceptions of
  nature. (Before 1859, often explained as divine
  design.)
• The Linnean hierarchical pattern was compatible
  with the Darwinian genealogical tree. So,
  although evolution explained the hierarchical
  (tree-like) pattern of lifes history,
  taxonomists felt no need to change how they
  reflected the pattern and the Linnean framework
  was retained.
• Phylogenetic systematics replacing Linnean
  hierarchical pattern based on ranks with
  cladograms and phylogenetic trees showing
  relationships among organisms based on recency of
  divergence.
• Source Withgott, J. Is it So long, Linnaeus?
  BioScience, 50(8) 646-651.

17
The Periodic Table of Elements
Source http//chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/pe
riodic.html
18
Before Mendeleev

• Ancient Greeks four elements earth, air, fire,
  water.
• Alchemy the idea of transforming one metal into
  another, especially into gold. (Ancient Egyptians
  well into the 17th century)
• Early efforts at classifying the elements in the
  18th century run parallel with the classification
  of minerals.
• 1789 the law of conservation of matter
  (Lavoisier)
• 1806 the law of definite proportions (Proust)
• 1808 the law of multiple proportions (Dalton)
• 1808 the law of combining volumes of gases
  (Gay-Lussac)
• 1808 Daltons atomic theory
• 1811- Avogadros hypothesis
• 1817 Dobereiners triads
• 1864 Newlands law of octaves
• 1868 Meyers periodic table (published in 1870)
• Sources
• Morris, R. (2003). The Last Sorcerers the path
  from alchemy to the periodic table. Washington,
  D.C Joseph Henry Press.
• Van Spronsen, J. W. (1969). The Periodic System
  of Chemical Elements A history of the first
  hundred years. Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  Elsevier Publishing Co.

19
Dmitri Mendeleev

• Born February 7, 1834 in Tobolsk, Siberia.
• Died February 2, 1907 in St. Petersburg, Russia.
• Professor of chemistry, St. Petersburg University
• Gordin, M. (2004). A well-ordered thing Dmitrii
  Mendeleev and the shadow of the periodic table.
  New York Basic Books.

20
Mendeleevs early drafts and his 1869 periodic
table
(Left) A draft of Mendeleevs periodic system
dated 17 Feb 1869. (Right) The first published
form of Mendeleevs periodic system. Notice the
gaps with question marks for elements that
Mendeleev suspected existed. One has to rotate
the table by 90 degrees clockwise to see the
resemblance to the horizontal rows and vertical
columns that we are familiar with today. (Source
Gordin, M. (2004). A well-ordered thing Dmitrii
Mendeleev and the shadow of the periodic table.
New York Basic Books..Red circling mine.)
21
Mendeleevs 1871 table
Source http//chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/fo
ldedtable.html
22
Examples of the hundreds of ways used to
represent the periodic law of the elements.
(Left) Spiral similar to a triple lemniscate by
Charles Janet, 1928. (Right) Helix with four
sizes of revolutions on four separate axes by
Paul Giguere, 1966. (Source Mazurs, E. G.
(1974). Graphic Representations of the Periodic
System During One Hundred Years. Alabama The
University of Alabama Press.) See also
http//chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/styles.htm
l
23
Statement of the Periodic Law

• The properties of the elements as well as the
  forms and properties of their compounds are in a
  periodic dependence or, expressing ourselves
  algebraically, form a periodic function of the
  atomic weight of the elements
• p. 16. Mendeleev, D. (1891). Principles of
  Chemistry, Vol. 2. Trans. George Kamensky.
  London Longmans, Green.

24
The periodic table and sub-atomic particles.

• It is of interest to note that the periodic
  table reached its final forms before atomic
  structure revealed the basis for periodicity. The
  discovery of sub-atomic particles in no way threw
  the system of classification into doubt but
  reinforced the general decisions which had been
  made. It was only at the end of the table that
  the study of electronic configuration and the
  creation of transuranium elements brought about a
  change of arrangement from transition elements to
  rare earth analogues.
• - Aaron J. Ihde, in his foreword to Van Spronsen,
  J. W. (1969). The Periodic System of Chemical
  Elements A history of the first hundred years.
  Amsterdam, The Netherlands Elsevier Publishing
  Co.

25
Usefulness of Mendeleevs system

• Mendeleev stated that the usefulness of a system
  increases with the number of its applications.
  His periodic table can be used in the following
  ways
• As a classification of elements
• To determine the atomic weights of elements not
  sufficiently analyzed
• To examine properties of unknown compounds
• To correct erroneously determined atomic weights
  and
• To collect information about the properties of
  compounds.

26
Questions for us

• What property or properties of information can we
  use to organize information objects that will
  reveal gaps about our knowledge of a specific
  domain and which can lead us to discoveries or
  novel ideas?
• Do information organizers have to be experts in a
  specific knowledge domain to be able to do this?
  Mendeleev was a chemist but we still wonder
  whether the process he went through to observe
  the repetitions of properties after a number of
  elements could have been observed by somebody
  with a basic knowledge of chemistry. Would that
  person have known what to look for and be alert
  for possible patterns?

27
Before Dewey

• The problem of the multitude of books
• 1255- Vincent de Beauvais wrote Since the
  multitude of books, the shortness of time and the
  slipperiness of memory do not allow all things
  which are written to be equally retained in the
  mind, I decided to reduce in one volume in a
  compendium and in summary order some flowers
  selected according to my talents from all the
  authors I was able to read.
• 1545 - In the preface to his massive project of
  cataloguing all known books in the Bibliotheca
  univeralis, Conrad Gesner complained of that
  confusing and harmful abundance of books, a
  problem which he called on kings and princes and
  the learned to solve.
• 1680 Leibniz spoke of that horrible mass of
  books which keeps on growing
• 1685 Adrien Baillet warned, We have reason to
  fear that the multitude of books which grows
  every day in a prodigious fashion will make the
  following centuries fall into a state as
  barbarous as that of the centuries that followed
  the fall of the Roman Empire. Unless we try to
  prevent this danger by separating those books
  which we must throw out or leave in oblivion from
  those which one should save and within the latter
  between what is useful and what is not.
• 1704 Jonathan Swift lamented and parodied what
  he called Index learning, referring to the
  growth of epitomes,abridgements,and alphabetical
  indexes. These, he said,were advertised as
  methods for not reading the whole book..
• Source
• Blair, A. (2003). Reading strategies for coping
  with information load ca 1550-1700. Journal of
  the History of Ideas. 64(1) 11-28.
• Yeo, R. (2003). A solution to the multitude of
  books Ephraim Chambers Cyclopaedia (1728) as
  the best book in the universe. Journal of the
  History of Ideas. 64(1) 61-72.

28
Before Dewey (part 2)

• Modern Bibliographic Systems
• 1841 Panizzis rules for the compilation of the
  catalog of printed books in the British Museums
  Department of Printed Books (now British
  Library).
• 1848 Panizzi makes the case for an alphabetic
  catalogue for the British Library.
• 1853 Charles Jewetts 33 rules for the
  construction of catalogs of libraries.
• 1876 Charles Ammi Cutters rules for a
  dictionary catalog.

29
Melvil Dewey

• Born December 10, 1851 in Adams Center, New York.
• Died December 26, 1931 in Lake Placid, New York.
• Attended Amherst College from 1870-1874.
• Organized conference that would establish the ALA
• Wiegand, W. (1996). The Irrepressible reformer a
  biography of Melvil Dewey. Chicago American
  Library Association.

30
Dewey on theory and practice

• Dewey (1876) acknowledges that theoretically,
  the division of every subject into just nine
  heads is absurd.
• philosophical theory and accuracy have been
  made to yield to practical usefulness. The
  impossibility of making a satisfactory
  classification of all knowledge as preserved in
  books, has been appreciated from the first, and
  nothing of the kind attempted. Theoretical
  harmony and exactness has been repeatedly
  sacrificed to the practical requirements of the
  library or to the convenience of the department
  in the college.
• Dewey, M. (1876). A classification and subject
  index for cataloguing and arranging the books and
  pamphlets of a library. Facsimile reprinted by
  Forest Press Division, Lake Placid Educational
  Foundation. Retrieved 2/12/05 from Project
  Gutenberg http//www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/2/5/1/12
  513/12513-h/12513-h.htm.

31
Texts that have influenced Dewey

• Edward Edwards Memoirs of Libraries.
• Charles C Jewetts A Plan for Stereotyping
  Titles.
• William Torrey Harris article on book
  classification which appeared in the Journal of
  Speculative Philosophy.
• Nathaniel Shurtleffs pamphlet entitled A
  Decimal System for the Arrangement and
  Administration of Libraries privately printed in
  1856. (available at http//name.umdl.umich.edu/AF
  A0189 )

32
Dewey Decimal Classification

• 10 Main Classes
• 000 Computers, information and general
  reference
• 100 Philosophy and psychology
• 200 Religion
• 300 Social sciences
• 400 Language
• 500 Science and mathematics
• 600 Technology
• 700 Arts and recreation
• 800 Literature
• 900 History and geography

• Notational Hierarchy
• 796 Athletic and outdoor sports and games
• 796.3 Ball games
• 796.34 Racket games
• 796.342 Tennis (Lawn tennis)
• 796.343 Squash
• 796.345 Badminton
• 796.346 Table tennis
• 796.347 Lacrosse
• Structural Hierarchy
• 972 Middle America Mexico
• 636.2 Ruminants and Camelidae Bovidae Cattle

Source Mitchell, J. (2001) Relationships in the
Dewey Decimal Classification System. In C. Bean
R. Green (2001). Relationships in the
Organization of Knowledge. Dordrecht, Germany
Kluwer Academic Publishers.
33
Relationships in DDC

• Generic
• 583-584 Angiospermae (Flowering plants)
• 583 Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
• 583.3 Ranunculidae
• 583.34 Ranunculales (Ranales)
• 583.35 Papaverales (Rhoedales)
• 583.36 Sarraceniales
• Whole-part
• 611.31 Mouth
• 611.313 Tongue
• 611.314 Teeth
• 611.315 Palate
• 611.316 Salivary glands
• 611.317 Lips
• 611.318 Cheeks

• Instance
• 005.133 Specific programming languages
• Arrange alphabetically by name of programming
  language, e.g. C
• Polyhierarchical
• 551.21 Volcanoes
• Class here comprehensive works on craters
• For meteorite craters, see 551.397
• Equivalence
• 572.86 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
• Associative
• 004.7 Periphals
• See also 004.64 for communication devices.

Source Mitchell, J. (2001) Relationships in the
Dewey Decimal Classification System. In C. Bean
R. Green (2001). Relationships in the
Organization of Knowledge. Dordrecht, Germany
Kluwer Academic Publishers.
34
Relative Index Tables for synthesis of numbers

• Relative Index alphabetical list of subjects
• Sample entry
• Mercury (Element) 669.71
• Mercury (Planet) 523.41
• Tables
• Table 1 Standard subdivisions (form, time)
• Table 2 Geographic areas and persons
• Table 3 Subdivisions for individual
  literatures, for specific literary forms.
• Table 4 Subdivisions of individual languages
• Table 5 Ethnic groups

35
Deweys Four Causes

• Metric reform
• Spelling reform
• Shorthand
• Libraries

36
Dewey to Ranganathan (13 Nov. 1930)

• Naturali the sistem ist publisht in 1876 was
  from the standpoint of our American libraries.
  Thru the 12 editions, it has constantli
  broadened. But we need speciali to cover Asia mor
  adequateli and hope we shall hav yur aktiv
  cooperation in making the decimal sistem stil mor
  wydli useful.
• (p. 30, Ranganathan, S. R. (1967). Prolegomena to
  library classification. Bombay Asia Pub. House.
  )

37
Questions for us

• In what information contexts can we impose
  hierarchical structures today?
• How can we make hierarchical knowledge structures
  more flexible in linking to other knowledge
  structures between different domains?
• How can we use it to define shared rules of
  inference and shared vocabularies across domains?

38
Bibliographic Classification Schemes after Dewey

• Expansive Classification (Charles Ammi Cutter,
  1890s)
• Universal Decimal Classification (Paul Otlet,
  Henri La Fontaine, 1895-)
• Library of Congress Classification
• Subject Classification (James Duff Brown, 1906-)
• Colon Classification (S.R. Ranganathan, 1933-)
• Bibliographic Classification (Henry Evelyn Bliss,
  1940-)

39
Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan

• Born August 9, 1892 in Madras,
• India.
• Died September 27, 1972 in Bangalore, India.
• Taught mathematics and physics
• First librarian of the University of Madras
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._R._Ranganathan

40
Ranganathans inspiration

• I could not then say that what was needed was a
  faceted classification. But something was
  engaging my thought continuously. While in that
  condition, I happened to see a Meccano set in one
  of the Selfridges Stores in London. That gave me
  the clue. It made me feel that the class number
  of a subject should really be got by assembling
  Facet Numbers found in several distinctive
  schedules, even as a toy is made by assembling an
  assortment of parts.
• - (p. 106, Ranganathan, S. R. (1967).
  Prolegomena to library classification. Bombay
  Asia Pub. House.)

41
Facets

• Facets a generic term used to denote any
  component be it a basic subject or an isolate
  of a Compound Subject, and also its respective
  ranked forms, terms, and numbers (Ranganathan,
  1967, p. 88).

42
Five Laws of Library Science

• Books are for use
• Every reader his book
• Every book its reader
• Save the time of the reader (and its corollary
  Save the time of the staff)
• Library is a growing organism.

43
Five Fundamental Categories

• Time in accordance with what we commonly
  understand by that term. Millenium, century,
  decade, year, and so on are its manifestations.
• Space as with time, in accordance with its
  usual significance. The surface of the earth,
  the space inside it, and the space outside it
  are manifestations of space.
• Energy its manifestation is action of one kind
  or another. The action may be among and by all
  kinds of entities inanimate, animate,
  conceptual, intellectual, and intuitive.
• Matter its manifestations are of two kinds
  Material, which is what an entity is made of,
  e.g. steel, timber, or Property, e.g. being 2
  feet wide and 8 ft long. Both are intrinsic to
  the entity but are not the entity itself.
• Personality Ranganathan regarded this category
  as the most difficult to identify. It is too
  elusive. It is ineffable. The process of
  identifying it is a Method of Residues if a
  certain manifestation is easily determined not to
  be one of Time, Space, Energy, or Matter, it is
  taken to be the manifestation of the fundamental
  category, Personality

44
Hierarchy in Ranganathans System
Ranganathans diagram to illustrate his theory of
classification. Shows Original Universe,
Division, Assortment, Classes, Arrays, Collateral
Classes, illustrative Pseudo-classes, Chains,
Subordinate classes, Order of classes and of
arrays. The numbers in the rectangles are decimal
fractions. p. 46 Ranganathan, S. R. (1967).
Prolegomena to library classification. Bombay
Asia Pub. House.
45
Colon Classification (main classes)

• z Generalia
• 1 Universe of Knowledge
• 2 Library Science
• 3 Book Science
• 4 Journalism
• A Natural Sciences
• ß Mathematical Sciences
• B Mathematics
• ? Physical Sciences
• C Physics
• D Engineering
• E Chemistry
• F Technology
• G Biology
• H Geology
• HZ Mining
• I Botany
• J Agriculture
• K Zoology

• LZ Pharmacognosy
• M Useful Arts
• ? Spiritual Experience and Mysticism
• ? Humanities and Social Sciences
• v Humanities
• N Fine Arts
• NZ Literature and language
• O Literature
• P Linguistics
• Q Religion
• R Philosophy
• S Psychology
• S Social Sciences
• T Education
• U Geography
• V History
• W Political Science
• X Economics
• Y Sociology

46
Summary

• Knowledge domains went through a fact-gathering
  period.
• Facts reached critical mass.
• Terminology for describing them increased and
  became confusing.
• Lists, catalogs, encyclopedias, glossaries,
  indexes, and other compilations were created to
  manage the growing body of information.
• The plethora of finding aids themselves became
  confusing.
• Systematic, comprehensive systems of information
  organization were created.

47
Questions for us

• What is different in the digital age?
• Can we look at an object from different
  perspectives and still be able to relate things
  together?
• What combinations of hierarchical and faceted
  organization of information can we put together
  to meet our current information needs?
• What other knowledge structures can we create for
  digital information environments?

48
Semantic Web Enabling Technologies and
Standards Layer Cake
Sources (left figure) Berners-Lee, T. Hendler,
J. Publishing on the semantic web the coming
Internet revolution will profoundly affect
scientific information. Nature, 410 (6832)
1023-1024 APR 26 2001. (right figure)
http//www.w3.org/2002/Talks/04-sweb/slide12-0.ht
ml
49
Bibliography (Linnaeus)

• Blunt, W. (2001). Linnaeus the compleat
  naturalist. London Princeton University Press.
• Bock, W. (2004). Species the concept, category,
  and taxon. Journal of Zoological Systematics
  Evolutionary Research, 42() 178-190.
• Farber, P. (2000). Finding order in nature the
  naturalist tradition from Linnaeus to E.O.
  Wilson. Baltimore, Md. Johns Hopkins University
  Press.
• Larson, J. (1971). Reason and experience the
  representation of natural order in the work of
  Carl von Linné. Berkeley, CA University of
  California Press.
• Linnaeus, Carolus (1964). Systema Naturae, 1735.
  Facsimile of the first edition, with an
  introduction and a first English translation of
  the "Observationes" by M. S. J. Engle-Ledeboer
  and H. Engel. Nieuwkoop De Graaf.
• Stearn, W. (2001). Appendix Linnean
  Classification, Nomenclature, and Method. In W.
  Blunt. Linnaeus the compleat naturalist. London
  Princeton University Press.
• Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de. Encyclopædia
  Britannica. Retrieved January 29, 2005, from
  Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
  lthttp//www.search.eb.com.offcampus.lib.washingto
  n.edu/eb/article?tocId9073064
• Withgott, J. Is it So long, Linnaeus?
  BioScience, 50(8) 646-651.

50
Bibliography (Mendeleev)

• Bensaude-Vincent, B. (2001). Graphic
  representations of the periodic system of
  chemical elements. In U. Klein (ed.). Tools and
  Modes of Representation in the Laboratory
  Sciences. Dordrecht, Germany Kluwer Academic
  Publishers.
• Gordin, M. (2004). A well-ordered thing Dmitrii
  Mendeleev and the shadow of the periodic table.
  New York Basic Books.
• Klein, U. (Ed.) (2001). Tools and Modes of
  Representation in the Laboratory Sciences.
  Dordrecht, Germany Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Mazurs, E. G. (1957). Types of Graphic
  Representation of the Periodic System of Chemical
  Elements. La Grange, Ill. E. Mazurs.
• Mazurs, E. G. (1974). Graphic Representations of
  the Periodic System During One Hundred Years.
  Alabama The University of Alabama Press.
• Mendeleev, D. (1869). On the Relationship of the
  Properties of the Elements to their Atomic
  Weights, Zhurnal Russkoe Fiziko-Khimicheskoe
  Obshchestvo 1, 60-77 abstracted in Zeitschrift
  für Chemie 12, 405-406 (1869) abstract
  translated and annotated in http//web.lemoyne.edu
  /giunta/EA/MENDELEEVann.HTML
• Mendeleev, D. (1879). The periodic law of the
  chemical elements. Chemical News, 40() 243.
• Mendeleev, D. (1891). Principles of Chemistry,
  Vol. 2. Trans. George Kamensky. London Longmans,
  Green.
• Morris, R. (2003). The Last Sorcerers the path
  from alchemy to the periodic table. Washington,
  D.C Joseph Henry Press.
• Scerri, E. (2001). The Periodic Table the
  ultimate paper tool in chemistry. In U. Klein
  (ed.). Tools and Modes of Representation in the
  Laboratory Sciences. Dordrecht, Germany Kluwer
  Academic Publishers.
• Van Spronsen, J. W. (1969). The Periodic System
  of Chemical Elements A history of the first
  hundred years. Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  Elsevier Publishing Co.

51
Bibliography (Dewey)

• Chan, L. (1994). Cataloging and Classification
  An Introduction. New York McGraw-Hill.
• Dewey, M. (1876). A classification and subject
  index for cataloguing and arranging the books and
  pamphlets of a library. Facsimile reprinted by
  Forest Press Division, Lake Placid Educational
  Foundation. Retrieved 2/12/05 from Project
  Gutenberg http//www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/2/5/1/12
  513/12513-h/12513-h.htm.
• Mitchell, J. (2001) Relationships in the Dewey
  Decimal Classification System. In C. Bean R.
  Green (2001). Relationships in the Organization
  of Knowledge. Dordrecht, Germany Kluwer Academic
  Publishers.
• Wiegand, W. (1996). The Irrepressible reformer a
  biography of Melvil Dewey. Chicago American
  Library Association.

52
Bibliography (Ranganathan)

• Garfield, E (1984). A Tribute to S. R.
  Ranganathan, the Father of Indican Library
  Science. Part 1. Life and Works. In Essays of an
  Information Scientist 7 (1984) 37-44. Also
  available at http//www.garfield.library.upenn.edu
  /essays/v7p045y1984.pdf
• Kwasnik, B. (1992). The legacy of facet analysis.
  In R.N. Sharma (Ed). S.R. Ranganathan and the
  West (pp. 98-111). New Delhi, India Sterling.
• La Barre, K. (2004). The art and science of
  classification Phyllis Allen Richmond,
  1921-1997. Library Trends, 52(4) 765-791.
• Mills, J. (2004). Faceted classification and
  logical division in information retrieval.
  Library Trends, 52(3) 541-570.
• Prieto-Diaz, R. (1991). Implementing faceted
  classification for software re-use.
  Communications of the ACM. 34(5) 88-97.
• Ranganathan, S. R. (1967). Prolegomena to library
  classification. Bombay Asia Pub. House.
• Ranganathan, S. R. (1965). The Colon
  classification. New Bruswick, N.J., Graduate
  School of Library Service, Rutgers, the State
  University.
• Ranganathan, S.R. (1962). Elements of library
  classification. Bombay Asia Publishing House.
• Star, S. (1998). Grounded Classifications
  Grounded Theory and Faceted Classifications.
  Library Trends 47 218-252.
• Svenonius, E. (1992). Ranganathan and
  classification science. Libri. 42(3) 176-183.
• Wilson, P. (1968). Two kinds of power an essay
  on bibliographical control. Berkeley, CA
  University of California Press.

53
Bibliography (General)

• Blair, A. (2003). Reading strategies for coping
  with information load ca 1550-1700. Journal of
  the History of Ideas. 64(1) 11-28.
• Ogilvie, B. W. (2003). The many books of nature
  Renaissance naturalists and information overload.
  Journal of the History of Ideas. 64(1) 29-40.
• Yeo, R. (2003). A solution to the multitude of
  books Ephraim Chambers Cyclopaedia (1728) as
  the best book in the universe. Journal of the
  History of Ideas. 64(1)61-72.

54
Trivia Section

• Heels, Hair and other trivia on the life of
  Linnaeus, Mendeleev, Dewey, and Ranganathan.

55
Linnaeus on High Heels

• Nature had not given high heels to man and
  Nature knew best, for the wearers of these
  bushkins could run as nimbly as if they went
  barefoot.
• Quoted in Blunt, W. (2001). Linnaeus the
  compleat naturalist. London Princeton University
  Press. p. 44, a comment on the Lapps half-boots
  called kangor which were cheap, comfortable,
  waterproof, and have no heels.

56
Mendeleevs Hair (as told in Morris, R. (2003).
The Last Sorcerers the path from alchemy to the
periodic table. Washington, D.C Joseph Henry
Press. p. 157-158.)

• In 1884 the Scottish chemist Sir William Ramsay
  went to London to attend a dinner honoring
  William Perkin, the discoverer of mauve, the
  first synthetic dye. Arriving early, he
  encountered a peculiar foreigner, every hair of
  whose head acted in independence of every other.
  When the foreigner approached, bowing, Ramsay
  said, We are to have a good attendance, I
  think? Discovering that the man didnt speak
  English, Ramsay asked him if he spoke German.
  Ja, ein wenig, the foreigner replied. Ich bin
  Mendeleev.
• Ramsay related later that, He is a nice sort of
  fellow, but his German is not perfect. He said he
  was raised in East Siberia and knew no Russian
  until he was seventeen years old. I suppose he is
  a Kalmuck or one of those outlandish creatures.
• Dmitri Mendeleev wasnt a Kalmuck (Budhisht
  Mongols), but he did have something of an
  outlandish appearance. He dressed reasonably
  well, but his unkempt white hair fell to his
  shoulders. He was in the habit of having his hair
  and beard cut once a year, and to some he might
  have looked like a Siberian shaman than a
  distinguished chemist.
• In the same book cited above, see also the story
  of how Mendeleevs mother, Maria, determined to
  get the best education for her son, took the then
  15-yr old Dmitri on a 1,300-mile hitchhike to
  Moscow.

57
Dewey DUI

• Dewey was named Melville Louis Kossuth Dewey.
• He never used his middle names.
• He shortened his first name to Melvil and for a
  while spelled his last name as Dui.

58
What Ranganathan did on his wedding day.

• During his 20 years of service as librarian of
  the University of Madras, he took no leave. He
  worked even on his wedding day, returning to the
  library shortly after the ceremony.
• - Garfield, 1984.
• Ranganathan did establish the Sarada
  Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science in
  honor of his wife.