Fire & Water – Cleanup & Restoration™

1
Employee Training Program Carpet and Upholstery
Certification
Fire Water Cleanup Restoration
2
Basics of Cleaning
3
Levels of Clean

• Sterile For an environment to be sterile, it is
  completely free of contamination. Operating
  rooms must be sterile. To get a sterile level of
  clean, you must use special products, equipment,
  and processes. It is VERY hard to reach this
  level of clean.
• Disinfected An area is disinfected when at least
  99 of the contaminants are removed. The
  disinfected level of clean is also very hard to
  reach. Disinfectant cleaning products can
  disinfect some nonporous surfaces.
• Sanitary In the sanitary level of clean, enough
  contaminants are removed to protect general
  health. The soil and contamination in the
  environment are at acceptable levels. SERVPRO
  cleaning should reach the sanitary level of clean.

4
Types of CleanWhen we talk about something being
clean, we are really talking about six factors

• Looks Clean
• Smells Clean
• Feels Clean
• Stays Clean
• Dries Fast
• Is Sanitary

5
Vacuuming

• Vacuuming uses air to pick up more than half of
  the soils in upholstery and draperies and 79 of
  the soils in carpet. This is why it is ALWAYS
  important to vacuum first.

6
Like Dissolves Like

• Water dissolves water-based soils, and solvents
  dissolve oil-based soils.

7
Cleaning StepsThere are THREE steps when
dissolving soils. The steps are the same whether
you are using a water or a solvent.

• WASH
• RINSE
• DRY

8
Dissolving and Suspending Soils

• Some soils are not loose particles. To remove
  soils attached to surfaces, we must first
  dissolve them in a cleaning product. After being
  dissolved, the soils are suspended in the
  cleaning product so they can be removed by
  extracting.

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Like Dissolves Like
10
Put the parts together to define the terms below

• Hydrophilic
• Hydrophobic
• Lipophilic
• Lipophobic

• Water-Loving
• Water-Fearing
• Oil-Loving
• Oil-Fearing

11
Now remember that oil and water dont mix. If a
substance loves water, it also hates oil. This
means that if something is hydrophilic, it is
also lipophobic, and if something is hydrophobic,
it is also lipophilic.
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Oil and water dont mix, but by using a
detergent, a connecting link is made between oil
and water molecules allowing them to be evenly
distributed in the cleaning solution. This is
called EMULSION.
13
Solvent Safety

• When using solvents, wear proper PPE including
  goggles, gloves, and a respirator with an organic
  vapor cartridge. Make sure all people, plants,
  and animals (especially birds) are out of the
  environment.

14
The pH scale goes from 0 to 14 with 7 being
neutral. Pure water is neutral.
15
F.Y.I.

• Acids are substances with a pH less than 7.
  Acids are normally thought of as sour. MOST
  soils and spots are slightly acidic.
• MOST cleaning agents are alkaline. Soap has a pH
  of about 9, making it a mild alkali.
• A general rule of thumb is to not use a pH
  greater than 10 on synthetic fibers.
• Solvents do not have a pH. A substance must
  contain water to have a pH. This means that
  substances like oil and grease dont have a pH.

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Polarity

• Anionic molecules are negatively charged. These
  molecules are effective when trying to emulsify
  oils and have a tendency to foam. Anionic
  solutions are the most compatible with the soil
  protectants used on fabrics and carpet fibers.
  MOST laundry detergents are typically anionic, as
  are most carpet shampoos and pre-sprays. Alkalis
  are typically anionic also.
• Cationic molecules are positively charged.
  Cationics are most often found in deodorants,
  fabric softeners, anti-static formulations,
  biocides, and disinfectants. Cationics CANNOT be
  mixed with and anionic. Acids are typically
  cationic.
• Nonionic molecules have no electrical charge.
  Nonionics are usually compatible with anionic and
  cationic agents.

• - Anionic
• Cationic
• o Nonionic

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Polarity and Cleaning Solutions

• Polarity helps explain the power of cleaning
  solutions. Most cleaning involves soils
  dissolving into cleaning solutions.
• Polarity (the electrical charges of molecules)
  make it possible for one substance to dissolve in
  another substance.

18
Surfactants

• A surfactant lowers the surface tension of the
  water, allowing the water to penetrate better
  into a surface.
• By lowering the waters surface tension, soils
  are better able to mix with water. An Expression
  used in the industry says Surfactants make water
  wetter.

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Basics of Cleaning Review Questions

• 1. What level of clean is typically achieved by
  SERVPRO cleaning methods?
• 2. What are six types of clean?
• 3. What percent of soils will pre-vacuuming pick
  up on upholstery? On carpet?
• 4. Define lipophilic and hydrophobic.
• 5. What is an emulsion?
• 6. What is a surfactant?
• 7. What are the safety steps you should take when
  using solvents?
• 8. What is pH? Which numbers reflect neutral?
  Acidic? Alkaline?
• 9. Can you mix anionics with nonionics?
  Cationics with nonionics? Cationics with
  anionics?

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TextilesFibers and Materials
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Types of Fibers

• Natural Fibers come from plants or animals.
• Cellulosic Fibers come specifically from plants.
  Examples include cotton, linen, jute, and
  sisal.
• Protein Fibers come from animals only. Examples
  include wool and silk.

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Types of Fibers cont

• Man-made Fibers
• (or semi-synthetic)
• Start as natural substances and are processed to
  create a usable fiber.
• For example Rayon is created by putting wood
  pulp through a chemical process to make a soft,
  silk like fiber.

• Synthetic Fibers
• Used in 98 of carpets manufactured today
• They are also blended into many upholstery
  fabrics
• The are made by combining by-products of the
  energy industry in the form of thermal plastic
  resin
• To simplify it, just think of tiny plastic
  pellets that get melted down.

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How Fibers are Made

• Natural fibers are Staple fibers (with the
  exception of fibers created by silkworm)
• Staple fibers are short fibers that must be spun
  or twisted into yarn.
• For example the wool on a sheep will only grow
  to a certain length, so wool is ALWAYS a staple
  fiber.
• Staple fibers must be combed to untangle them,
  blended to thoroughly mix the fibers, and
  drafted(pulled into long ropes) to spin them into
  longer threads.

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How Fibers are Made Cont.

• Synthetic fibers take many different steps to
  make and are made by humans
• Small plastic pellets are melted down in a large
  vat using heat or chemicals
• The melted mixture is forced down through a
  Spinneret
• (a lot like a shower head)
• The plastic comes out of the holes and cools, or
  the chemicals evaporate and the plastic
  solidifies
• The result is a long continuous filament or long
  fibers.
• The whole process is called Extrusion.

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Fiber Dying

• In the Solution Dying method, the dye is mixed
  in with the plastic pellets before the fibers are
  extruded through the spinnerets. In this way,
  dye becomes a part of the fiber itself. Solution
  dyes are the most permanent colors, but this
  process can be used only for synthetic fibers.

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Topical Treatments

• Soil Repellents
• The primary purpose of soil repellents is to
  delay the absorption of
• soils into the fibers. Delaying the soil
  absorption allows more time to
• remove the soils before they become permanent
  stains. Soil repellents
• coat the outside of the fibers.

• Soil Release Agents
• Soil release agents are the opposite of soil
  repellents. Soil repellents make
• fabrics very hydrophobicthey resist water
  penetration. Soil release
• agents make fabrics hydrophilicthey readily
  absorb more water. By
• making a fabric more absorptive, detergent
  solutions can more easily
• penetrate the fabric and release the soils.
• HydrophilicWater loving
• HydrophobicWater Fearing

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Fiber Terms

• Bleeding If the dye is not set properly, it may
  become unstable when wet and run into the fibers
  or material next to it.
• Color Loss When dyes are loosened during
  cleaning, they can be washed out of the fabric.
• Crocking If there is too much dye in a fabric or
  carpet, the dyes can transfer from one material
  to another, even when the fabric is dry.
• Staple fiber A natural or synthetic fiber that
  is a relatively short length and must be spun or
  twisted into yarn. It is the opposite of
  continuous filaments which could go on forever,
  where staple fibers are short.

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Natural Fibers Cotton

• Strengths of Cotton
• Strong
• Normally very colorfast
• Withstands high cleaning temperatures and many
  types of bleaches

• Weaknesses of Cotton
• Most absorbent fiber
• Will absorb up to 20 of its weight in moisture
  before it even feels wet to the touch
• It will take longer to dry

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Natural Fibers LinenLinen is a cellulosic fiber
that comes from the stem of a flax plant

• Strengths of Linen
• 20 stronger when wet
• Dries quickly
• Withstand high cleaning temperatures

• Weaknesses of Linen
• The fibers will split at creases in heavily worn
  areas
• Fibers have a string wicking actionmeaning that
  stains are absorbed deep into the fiber and are
  hard to remove.

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Natural Fibers SisalSisal comes from the agave
plant and is often used to make rope and door
mats, and is the face fiber in some rugs and
carpets

• Strengths of Sisal
• Stronger when wet

• Weaknesses of Sisal
• Cellulosic browning
• Easily stained
• Easily damaged by wet cleaning processes

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Natural Fibers JuteJute comes from the stalk of
the jute plant found primarily in India. Jute
used to be a common carpet backing material and
can also be found as the widthwise yarns in woven
carpets, but today is used in only 1 of carpets
and rugs. You may find jute in older homes.

• Strengths of Jute
• Strong when dry
• Stretches well during carpet installation

• Weaknesses of Jute
• Shrinks when wet
• Weak when wet
• Contains tannin, a dye that will bleed into face
  fibers and cause browning
• Acts as a food source for mold

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Natural Fibers WoolWool comes for the fleece of
sheep

• Strengths of Wool
• Can be stretched 30 without breaking
• Has an outer membrane that repels water

• Weaknesses of Wool
• Will dissolve in chlorine bleaches
• pH of cleaning solutions must be between 4.5 and
  8.5
• Because wool is so absorbent, over wetting is a
  potential problem.

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Natural Fibers SilkSilk is produced by silkworms

• Strengths of Silk
• Strong
• Easily dyed

• Weaknesses of Silk
• The texture may change after wetting
• Damaged by high alkalinity
• Strong acids and chlorine bleaches will also
  damage silk

34
Man-Made Fibers RayonRayon does not have the
strengths or durability to be used in carpets,
but occasionally you will find rayon in
upholstery or in an area rug. When cleaning
rayon, treat it like a cellulosic fiber.

• Strengths of Rayon
• Resistant to mildew

• Weaknesses of Rayon
• Mats easily. Pile fabrics are extremely
  sensitive and must be groomed immediately after
  cleaning
• If stretched, rayon will not return to its
  original shape
• Damaged by strong alkalis, acids and bleaches
• Easily damaged by aggressive agitation during
  cleaning.
• Weakest fiber when wet. It loses up to 70 of
  its strength.

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Synthetic Fibers NylonNylon is now the most
commonly used synthetic fiber and can be found in
carpet, upholstery and draperies. Nylon wears
better than any other synthetic fiber. You will
often find nylon blends that mix the strengths of
nylon with the appearance of another fiber.To
create 5th generation nylon, scientists added
something called acid dye blockers. Acid dye
blockers are simply large, colorless dye
molecules that have a negative charge. Acid dye
blockers fill the dye sites on the fibers that
are not already filled with regular, colored dye
and repel other dyes with a negative charge.
Most food eyes have a negative charge, so the
acid dye blockers reduce the chance of the stains
becoming permanent.When dealing with 5th
generation nylon, we have to be more careful
about what products we use. Highly alkaline
products can cause yellowing. Cationic products
like disinfectants can produce a sticky
jelly-like buildup. Also, applying a cationic
can void the manufacturers warranty on stain
resistant carpets.
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Synthetic Fibers Polypropylene

• Olefin is a generic term used to refer to
  polyethylene and polypropylene materials.
  Polypropylene is the primary olefin material used
  in textiles. Polypropylene is used in
  conventional indoor carpets as well as in outdoor
  carpets.

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Textiles Fibers and Materials Review Questions

• What is the difference between celluolsic fibers
  and protein fibers?
• Explain the process of how synthetic fibers are
  made.
• What is the difference between a soil release
  agent and a soil repellent?
• What is the difference between crocking and
  bleeding?
• Which fiber is the most absorbent?
• Which fiber is the weakest when wet?
• What advances were made in the 5 generations of
  nylon?
• What is the most common carpet face fiber?
• What is solution dyeing process?
• What is the difference between a staple fiber and
  a continuous filament?

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Pretesting
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Pretesting is required on every job. You need
to know what you are cleaning, how your cleaning
products will affect a textile, and if your
cleaning method will work. Pretesting will
answer these questions.
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Pretesting is important to the customer. It
establishes your credibility. Involve the
customer and explain what you are looking for.
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Pretesting Video

• eLearning Video

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Burn Testing Technique While burning fibers,
observe the ODOR and characteristics of the ASH
and the color of the FLAME to identify the type
of fiber. Compare the results to the Burn Test
Chart. The key question you want to answer is
whether the fiber is natural or synthetic.
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Chemical Testing Technique
44
Specific Gravity Test

• Olefin is the only synthetic fiber with a
  specific gravity of less than one (this means it
  floats on water).

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Shrinkage TestThis test is meant for upholstery
and drapery cleaning only.

• Select an unexposed place to perform the test
  (the skirt and the cushions are typically the
  spots on upholstery that are most likely to
  shrink).
• Hold a small furniture pad(measuring 2 ½ by 2
  ½) against the fabric and insert a straight pin
  at each corner to outline the area. Use straight
  pins with bright colored plastic heads to make
  them more visible. Take the furniture pad away,
  leaving the pins in place.
• Use a salt and shampoo mix (2 oz. table salt and
  2 oz. Carpet and Upholstery Shampoo per gallon of
  water) and a clean white towel to saturate the
  fabric within the square made by the pins. Also
  saturate about ½ inch outside of the pins.
  (Mixing salt with the shampoo helps prevent
  bleeding.) Work the solution into the fabric.
  If the solution beads up, this indicates the
  fabric has been treated with a soil and stain
  retardant.

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Shrinkage Test cont

• Wait 10 minutes (15 if the solution beads) for
  the area to dry. Using a hair dryer to speed up
  the results may give you faulty information.
• Place the same furniture pad back into place
  between the pins. If the pad doesnt fit, the
  fabric has shrunk. A very small amount of
  shrinkage inside the shrink test area can equal
  several inches over the entire area of an
  upholstery or drapery item.
• Always remove the pins from the fabric after
  completing the shrink test. Some pins will rust
  if left in place, and they can be a safety hazard
  for the customer.
• If the fabric shrinks, do NOT risk wet cleaning.
  Dry clean the fabric.

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Colorfastness Tests

• Test in an inconspicuous area.
• To test for bleeding, use a highly alkaline
  solution (such as Blood and Stain Remover) to
  saturate the test area. If colors do not bleed
  with this product, they shouldnt bleed during
  the proper cleaning. Wait for the area to dry
  completely (many times bleeding will not occur
  until the final stages of drying). NOTE If you
  are doing a spot removal, test with each product
  before you use it. If bleeding occurs,
  neutralize the area with a low pH fabric rinse
  and test the textile again with a mild cleaning
  solution (such as Carpet and Upholstery Shampoo
  having pH close to 7).
• Test for crocking by rubbing a clean white towel
  against the dry material. If there is a color
  transfer, you may want to use a dry cleaning
  process.

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Pre-Existing ConditionsLook for the following
pre-existing conditions

• Carpet stretched in poorly.
• Heavy wear patterns and matting.
• Deeply soiled carpets and upholstery may have
  permanent damage that regular restorative
  cleaning will not take care of. Permanent stains
  cannot be removed without removing textile dyes.
  
• Physical damages torn seams, holes, rips,
  delamination, dry rot, mildew damage, burns,
  frays, damaged tips, sun fading/fume fading.
• Upholstery can have structural damage such as
  deterioration of foam padding in the cushions
  (check for ink marks on the inside cushion foam
  as well), damaged zippers, loose or missing
  buttons, stability of the frame or springs, and
  missing arm covers.

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QuestionsOne of the biggest complaints of
customers is poor communication. Know what to
discuss with customers, then everyone involved
will be happier.

• The following questions are good to ask
• Has the carpet/upholstery been cleaned before and
  how was it cleaned?
• Are there any spots or stains that I need to be
  aware of?
• Is the carpet/upholstery under warranty?
• How old is the carpet/upholstery?
• Are there special drying time requirements?
• What type of carpet/upholstery is it? Are there
  tags or labels that came with the product?
• Use these questions, plus the information you
  find while pretesting to document any problems
  that you have identified. For carpet, document
  problems on the invoice and ask the customer and
  ask the customer to initial the statements to
  indicate he or she is aware of the conditions.
  For upholstery or draperies, use the Upholstery,
  Textile and Drapery Condition Report.

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Pretesting Review Questions

• Which fiber will dissolve in Chlorine Bleach?
• Why is the Upholstery, Textile and Drapery
  Condition Report used?
• Which synthetic fiber floats on water?
• Why do you pretest?
• How do you perform a shrinkage test?
• How do you test for crocking?
• How do you test for bleeding?
• What do you look for when doing a burn test?
• What is the point of doing a burn test?
• What type of things should you look for when
  inspecting carpet? Upholstery?

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Carpet Construction
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Types of Backings

• Synthetic Backings
• Synthetic backing material is made from
  polypropylene. Synthetic backings are much more
  common in todays carpets.
• Jute Backings
• Jute tends to shrink after wetting and can cause
  brown tannin dyes to bleed into the carpet face
  yarns as it dries. This staining is called
  cellulosic browning.

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How Tufted Carpet is Created

• The tufting machine used in making carpet has
  rows of needles above the primary backing with
  yarn threaded through the eyes of the needles.
  Devices called loopers are underneath the primary
  backing. The needles punch through the primary
  backing, bringing the yarn with them. As the
  needles come through the primary backing, loopers
  slide through the loops of yarn and hold them as
  the needles are pulled back up through the
  primary backing. The primary backing advances
  like a conveyor belt and pulls the loop of yarn
  off the looper. In loop pile carpets, the loop
  is left uncut and becomes the finished tuft for
  the face of the carpet.

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Cut Pile

• Pile tips which are trimmed or cut are known at
  cut pile. Cut pile carpets have many different
  styles, but one thing remains the same
• The tufted ends are cut not looped.

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4 Main Types of Cut Pile Carpets

• Velvet Plush cut piles have very little twist in
  the yarns.
• Frieze cut piles are very tightly twisted.
• Saxony Plush has a appearance between velvet
  plush and frieze.
• Shag carpets are cut pile, but the tufts are much
  longer than in other types of cut pile.

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Loop Pile

• In Level Loop carpets, pile loops are all the
  same height, and the loops are not cut. This
  makes a smooth and level surface that offers good
  wearing qualities.
• In Multi-Level loop carpets there are 2 or more
  heights of loops.
• Some other types of loop pile is Berber and
• Cut and Loop.
• Combining cut pile with loop pile can create a
  mixture of surface textures

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Woven CarpetsWarp and Weft

• Warp yarns are the yarns that run lengthwise in a
  woven carpet. These are the yarns that are
  initially loaded into a loom.
• Weft yarns (also called filler yarns) run across
  the width of a woven carpet. These are the yarns
  that are woven into the already existing warp
  yarns.

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Types of Weaves

• Axminster Weave
• To identify an Axminster carpet, look for the
  stiff fibers (sometimes referred to as wires)
  that create an easily identifiable heavy-ridged
  backing. Try rolling the carpet in a sidewise
  direction and in a lengthwise direction. If the
  carpet is difficult to roll sidewise but rolls
  easily lengthwise, it is likely that it is an
  Axminster carpet. Almost all other carpets can be
  rolled easily in either direction.

• Wilton Weaves
• To identify a Wilton weave, examine a cut edge
  from a Wilton woven carpet. Note the buried yarns
  that alternate with surface colors. The pile will
  be denser and the carpet tighter than other
  constructions.

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Other Types of Carpet Construction
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Needlepunched Carpets

• Needlepunched carpet is made by first laying down
  many strands of carpet fiber in loose random
  fashion until the layer reaches a specific
  height. A solid sheet of polypropylene is then
  placed over this blanket of fibers, and more
  layers of fibers are placed on top of this sheet.
  A machine with thousands of needles punch
  through these layers of carpet fibers on the top
  and bottom of the polypropylene sheet. As the
  needles punch through the polypropylene sheet,
  they pull fibers with them. The fibers are
  interlocked with each other and with the sheet.
  More layers of fiber are spread on top and bottom
  of the polypropylene sheet, and the needlepunch
  process is repeated. This process is repeated
  until the carpet reaches the thickness desired.

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Fusion Bonded Carpets

• In fusion bonded carpets, the thick back-coating
  of thermoplastic or PVC rubberized material is
  used in place of a secondary backing. These are
  most commonly a level loop type carpet. They are
  designed for glue-down installations without
  carpet padding.

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Carpet Pad

• Rebond is made from multicolored chunks of foam
  rubber that are glued together to form a pad.
• Foam padding is a solid sheet of foam rubber
  material.
• Waffle padding is so named because it has a
  pattern of mountains and valleys that look like a
  waffle.

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Carpet Installations

• Tackless
• Direct glue-down
• Double glue-down
• In a tackless installation, the pad is cut to fit
  the room, taped to the floor, and then the seams
  in the pad are taped. The carpet is not attached
  to the pad, it is simply stretched over the top
  and attached to tackless strips around the edges
  of the room. The smooth side of the pad faces up
  to make installation easier. This is the
  installation type that you will find most often
  in homes.
• In a direct glue-down installation, the carpet is
  cut to fit the room, adhesive is applied to the
  floor, and the carpet is glued directly to the
  floor. This is the type of installation you will
  find most often in commercial buildings.
• In a double glue-down, the pad is glued to the
  floor and the carpet is glued to the pad. This
  type of installation is also found in commercial
  buildings.

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Carpet construction Review Questions

• What are the 4 components used to make tufted
  carpets?
• When you encounter a jute carpet backing, what
  are two things you should be aware of?
• What is a fusion bonded carpet?
• How is a loop pile carpet made? How is a cut
  pile made?
• What is the difference between a weft yarn and a
  warp yarn?
• What are the different types of cut-pile carpets?
• How do you identify a Wilton weave? An Axminster
  weave?
• How is a needle-punched carpet made?
• What are the 3 major types of carpet pad?
• What is the difference between tackless
  installations, direct glue-down installations,
  and double glue-down installations?

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Carpet Cleaning Methods

• Regular Vacuuming
• 79 of soils are removed by vacuuming!

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Steps Necessary in All Carpet Cleaning Jobs

• Vacuuming
• Pilating
• Pre-Spotting
• Moving Furniture

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Safety and General Precautions

• It is necessary to have a current MSDS on the van
  for each product on the van
• Always mix product by using a measuring cup!
• Take special precautions to protect children and
  pets.
• Do not lay hoses on top of plants or shrubbery.
  Heat from the solution hoses can damage plants.
  If possible, lay hoses on the sidewalk.

• Wrap a cleaning towel around metal hose fittings
  to protect the carpet.
• For maximum safety, personal protective equipment
  (PPE) needed for carpet and upholstery cleaning
  includes splash goggles, vapor/particle
  respirator (especially if you are dealing with
  solvents), and chemical resistant gloves.

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• Carpet Cleaning
• Job Overview

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• Meet and greet the customer (if the customer
  likes your professional and positive approach in
  the beginning, 90 of the job is done.
• Preview the area to be cleaned and pretest.
• Talk about and qualify cleaning results with the
  customer.
• Get all paperwork signed. Dont start work
  without a signed authorization.
• Set Retail Spotting Kit and Thank You Card on
  table or kitchen counter. The Retail Spotting Kit
  is a great add-on sale.

• Select an area to set up equipment and mix
  cleaning agents and get approval from the
  customer. Makes sure pets and children are kept
  away from the setup area. Always use a tarp that
  will protect the floor.
• Get permission for a location to dispose of
  cleaning wastes. The preferred location to
  dispose of cleaning wastes is in a toilet
  connected to a sanitary sewer line. NEVER DISPOSE
  OF CLEANING WASTES ON THE CUSTOMERS LAWN OR
  DRIVEWAY, IN A SEPTIC TANK OR IN A STORM DRAIN
  (check local requirements).

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• Set up the room or area to be cleaned.
• Pilate the carpet to help break up soils and
  correct matting problems.
• Vacuum the carpet.
• Put on personal protective equipment, mix
  products and test equipment in setup area.
• Prespot stains and pretreat traffic areas if
  appropriate.
• Clean edges around the room by hand.
• Clean the carpet using the appropriate method.

• Reset furniture. DO NOT SET FURNITURE ON DAMP
  CARPETS. Use furniture pads or blocks to prevent
  stains.
• Do a walk-through with the customer and fix any
  problems.
• Ask the customer to fill out a Thank You Card and
  sign the Customer Satisfaction Statement.
• Collect payment for jobs that are not on a
  scheduled billing system.
• Load equipment and supplies back onto the van.

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Carpet Cleaning Methods
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BONNET

• Bonnet cleaning is the least aggressive cleaning
  method and is used when there is light soiling.
  It is commonly used for maintenance cleaning.

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Bonnet Cleaning Video

• eLearning Video

74
SHAMPOO

• Shampoo cleaning is more aggressive than bonnet
  cleaning, but it is also more common for
  maintenance cleaning than for restorative
  cleaning. Shampoo cleaning works well when there
  is light to moderate soiling.

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Hot Water Extraction

• Hot water extraction is a
• deep cleaning process. It uses a portable
  extractor or a truck mount to apply solution and
  then extract soils, moisture and cleaning product
  residue.

76
Hot Water Extraction Video

• eLearning Video

77
DELUXE PRECONDITIONER AND RINSE

• Deluxe preconditioner and rinse cleans more
  thoroughly than hot water extraction. In Deluxe
  preconditioner and rinse, carpet Pre-Spray is
  sprayed onto the carpet and allowed to work
  before it is extracted.

78
Deluxe Preconditioner and Rinse Video

• eLearning Video

79
SHOWCASE CLEANING

• Showcase cleaning is the most effective cleaning
  process in the carpet cleaning industry. It is a
  two-step process--you are basically cleaning the
  carpet twice. The first step is to shampoo the
  carpet, mixing showcase cleaner and rinse with
  the carpet and upholstery shampoo. The second
  step is to rinse the carpet using an extractor
  and a clean water rinse or a solution of fabric
  rinse and color set.

80
Showcase Cleaning Video

• eLearning Video

81
OTHER CARPET CLEANING METHODS

• ABSORBENT COMPOUND
• In absorbent cleaning, a cleaning compound (a
  damp powder made of cellulosic materials And
  cleaning agents) Is put onto the carpet and
  agitated into the fibers with counter rotating or
  rotary brushes. After it dries, the cleaning
  compound is vacuumed out of the carpet. Soils
  are absorbed by the cleaning agents and stick to
  the cellulosic particles. Very aggressive
  vacuuming using a vacuum cleaner with beater
  brushes or bars is required to remove the solid
  particles from the carpet.

82
Carpet Cleaning Methods Review Questions

• What percent of soils will dry vacuuming pick up
  from carpet?
• What paperwork must you have for each product you
  take to the job site?
• What is the maximum amount of PPE needed for
  carpet cleaning?
• When you pick a location for your staging area,
  what three things should you take into
  consideration?
• What is the least aggressive carpet cleaning
  method that SERVPRO offers?
• What is the most aggressive carpet cleaning
  method that SERVPRO offers?
• What is the difference between Shampoo cleaning
  and Showcase cleaning?
• What is the difference between Deluxe
  Preconditioner and Rinse cleaning and Rotary Jet
  Extraction cleaning?
• What is Absorbent Compound cleaning?
• What is the proper way to lay down a wand?

83
Upholstery and Drapery Construction
84
There are two ways to mix the fiber types.
Twisting two or more types of fibers together can
make a blended yarn.For example, cotton and
polyester fibers may be twisted together to make
a cotton-polyester yarn. Another way to make
blended fabrics is by weaving different types of
yarn together. Either way, it is very common for
upholstery and drapery fabrics to be made of more
than one type of fiber.
85
Weaving Fabrics

• Warp yarns run across the length of a fabric.
  Remember,
• Warp speed ahead
• Weft yarn (or filling yarns) run across the width
  of a fabric. To remember weft yarns, think weft
  to right

86
Plain Weave

• Plain weaves are the strongest weaves they
  stand up well to wear and use. The strength of
  plain weave fabrics lets cleaners use more
  aggressive cleaning methods. Agitation is not
  likely to damage the fabric.

87
Twill Weave

• The twill weave has some yarns that pass over two
  or more yarns running in the opposite direction
  before passing back under. These yarns are
  called float yarns.

88
Jacquard Weaves

• A Jacquard weave is easily recognized since the
  back side if the fabric will be the negative
  image of the front side.

89
Chintz

• Chintz fabrics normally has designs printed on a
  solid background of a plain weave fabric. Then a
  glaze is applied to give the fabric a sheen. The
  glaze may come off in cleaning, so dry cleaning
  is the preferred cleaning method for chintz
  fabrics.

90
Quilted

• Quilted fabrics are made by sewing three layers
  of fabric together in a stitched pattern to
  create puffed areas.

91
Upholstery Construction
92

• Platform
• The platform (aka the deck) is the area where
  the cushions rest. The dyes in fabric covering
  the platform may not be colorfast. The platform
  can also easily water mark when wet. You should
  cover this fabric during cleaning to prevent
  water stains and to keep dyes from bleeding into
  other fabrics. If dye bleeding is not a concern,
  wet the platform evenly to avoid water marks.
  Put wax paper or plastic over the deck material
  before setting damp cushions on the deck.

• Dust Cover
• The dust cover is the material under the bottom
  of the piece of upholstery. The dust cover
  prevents insects and dust from getting inside the
  piece of furniture.

93
Drapery Construction
94

• Cornice
• A cornice is a wood box or fabric covered wood
  box covering the top of draperies and the
  draperies and the drapery rod area.

• Pleat
• Pleats are gathers of material on the front side
  of draperies used to form the folded effect at
  the top of draperies. Pleats may be formed by
  sewing or by pleater hooks.

95
Upholstery and Drapery Construction Review
Questions

• What is the name of the yarn that runs lengthwise
  in woven fabrics?
• What is the name of the yarn that runs across the
  width of the fabrics?
• Which type of weave normally produces the
  strongest fabric?
• What is the name for the material underneath
  upholstered furniture that prevents dust from
  getting inside the piece of furniture?
• What do you call the gathers of material at the
  top front of draperies that give a folded effect?
• What is a float yarn?
• What should you do to protect the decking on a
  chair you are cleaning?
• What are two methods of making a blended
  fabric?
• What effect might hot cleaning solutions have on
  Chintz fabrics?
• How do you identify a Jacquard weave?

96
Upholstery and Drapery Cleaning Methods

• Upholstery
• Foam/Shampoo
• Haitian Cotton
• Hot Water Extraction
• Showcase
• Machine Dry Clean
• Hand Dry Clean
• Dry-Wet-Dry

• Drapery
• Machine Dry Clean
• Hot Water Extraction

97
General Precautions

• Mistake 1High pH Solutions
• Mistake 2Hot Cleaning Solutions with Unstable
  dyes
• Mistake 3Over wetting the Fabric
• Mistake 4Uneven Application of Cleaning
  Solution
• Mistake 5Incomplete or Uneven Extraction
• Mistake 6Removing Cushion Covers

98
General Precautions Continued

• Make sure pets and children can be kept away from
  the set up area
• Always use a tarp to protect the floor
• Test equipment in the set up area
• Never dispose of cleaning wastes on the customers
  lawn, driveway, septic tank or storm drain. It
  must be disposed of at an approved disposal site.
• When items have a lot of pet hair or soot, use a
  dry cleaning sponge to remove most of residues
  before vacuuming.

99
General Procedures on Upholstery Cleaning

• Always note any furniture defects (rips, tears,
  etc) on the invoice or Upholstery, Textile and
  Drapery Conditions Report and have the customer
  sign before work begins.
• Always Pretest
• Always Pre Vacuum
• Be careful with buttons
• Solvent Safety

100
Shampoo/Foam

• Apply the shampoo to the fabric with either a
  natural sponge or the tampico upholstery brush.
• Clean cushions first, then clean the inside back
  and arms of the upholstery.
• Pilating is done on pile fabrics such as velvets
  or chenille. Flat weaves do not require pilating.

101
Haitian Cotton

• The Haitian Cotton cleaning method is very
  similar to the shampoo method. The biggest
  difference is the cleaning agent. You use a
  different cleaning agent for Haitian and Tahitian
  cotton to prevent cellulosic browning in the
  fabric. Haitian cotton fibers have unprocessed
  portions of cottonseeds, stems and other
  materials that are very sensitive to cleaning
  agents. Water and cleaning agents can release
  the dyes in these unprocessed materials that
  bleed into the fibers and cause the fabric to
  turn a dingy brown color.

102
Hot Water Extraction

• Hot water extraction is used on wet cleanable
  fabrics that are moderately soiled. The cleaning
  solution is heated and applied using an
  upholstery cleaning machine, portable extractor,
  or truck mount. The solution along with
  dissolved soils is then extracted. Hot water
  extraction removes more soils from fabrics than
  the shampoo/foam method.

103
Showcase

• Showcase cleaning is the most aggressive
  upholstery cleaning process available. For wet
  cleanable fabrics that are heavily soiled,
  Showcase cleaning is the appropriate method.
  Upholstery that has been contaminated with soot
  from a fire damage is most often cleaned by the
  showcase method.

104
Machine Dry Solvent

• Some fabrics are sensitive to wet cleaning
  processes and must be cleaned with a solvent.
  Machine dry cleaning is the most effective way to
  clean fabrics with a solvent. You can apply more
  agitation to the fabric with machine dry cleaning
  than you can with hand dry cleaning. Machine dry
  cleaning also rinses and vacuums emulsified soils
  from the fabric. Machine dry cleaning cannot be
  used with certain fabrics. Fabrics with acrylic
  backing cannot be dry cleaned. Solvent cleaners
  may damage the backing and ruin the fabric. Also
  delicate fabrics can be damaged by the upholstery
  machine and require hand dry cleaning.
• Dry cleaning solvents may damage the finish on
  wood floors, wood furniture, baseboards, chair
  rails and all finished wood surfaces. Protect
  finished wood surfaces on upholstered furniture
  and around the work area. Blot off overspray
  from wood surfaces with a dry towel. DO NOT RUB!
  If overspray gets on flat wall paint or on
  window glass, leave it and let it dry. Dry
  cleaning solvent leaves no residue. Blotting or
  wiping these surfaces may damage the finish.

105
Hand Dry Solvent Cleaning

• Fabrics that are not wet cleanable must be
  cleaned with solvents. If those same fabrics are
  also delicate they could be damaged by the
  upholstery machine. Use the hand dry cleaning
  method to
• prevent abrasion and damage to the material.
• Hand dry cleaner is a solvent based product for
  use on fabrics that might shrink or bleed if
  exposed to water based cleaners. This method is
  effective on light soiling conditions only. Hand
  dry cleaner will not clean heavy soil as
  effectively as shampoo, but will improve the
  appearance of most fabrics.

106
Dry-wet-Dry

• The dry-wet-dry method is a combination of wet
  cleaning and dry cleaning. Use this method on
  fabrics that cannot be cleaned with water based
  cleaning agents, but are soiled with soils that
  will not dissolve with solvent cleaners. For
  example syrup is water soluble and will not
  dissolve in dry cleaning solutions. If you had a
  couch with a syrup spill on it, dry cleaning will
  not remove the syrup. But if the dyes in the
  fabric bleed in water based solutions you cannot
  perform a stand wet cleaning process.
  Dry-wet-dry gives you an option to clean the
  syrup without damaging the fabric.

107
Upholstery Cleaning Methods Review Questions

• Who should not have access to the area used for
  setting up equipment and cleaning agents?
• What is the preferred location for disposing of
  normal upholstery cleaning wastes?
• What is an effective way to remove pet hair from
  upholstery fabric?
• Before cleaning upholstery or draperies, the
  technician should pre-qualify with the customer
  and note pre-existing conditions on what form?
• When cleaning upholstery, which areas should be
  cleaned first?
• Which type of fabric requires pilating after
  cleaning?
• To prevent damages to fabrics before dry cleaning
  upholstery, what should you always check?
• If dry cleaning solvent overspray gets on flat
  wall paint while youre cleaning upholstery or
  draperies, what should you do?
• The Shampoo upholstery cleaning method is MOST
  effective on what level of soiling?
• Which upholstery cleaning method is appropriate
  for heavy soiling and is the most aggressive
  method?

108
Spot Removal

• Spot removal is a vital part of all upholstery
  and carpet cleaning jobs. A job will be judged
  as a great success when the spots are gone.
• Sometimes people use the terms
• spot, stain, and discoloration
• to mean the same thing. As professional
  cleaners, we need to know the difference between
  the terms.

109

• Spot- is something that adds body or substance to
  fibers. Materials such as food, oil, wax, and
  gum leave residues on fibers that can be felt and
  seen.
• Stain- a substance that adds color to fibers.
  Materials such as ink, wine, fruit juice, and
  coffee are examples of staining substances.
• Discoloration-is the loss of color from fibers.

110
Overview of Spot Removal Procedures

• Step 1 remove excess spotting material. A
  SERVPRO tech will often deal with older spots.
  Always try to remove excess spotting material
  first. Vacuum, scoop or blot as much material as
  possible before wetting the spot or applying a
  spotting agent.
• Step 2 Determine type of soil in the spot or
  stain
• Step 3 Determine the type of fiber

• Step 4 qualify with the customer and never
  guarantee bold spot removal
• Step 5 select spotting agent and remember, like
  dissolves like, start dry and go to wet and start
  with the least aggressive agent.
• Step 6 apply the spotting agent
• Step 7 rinse, extract and neutralize
• Step 8 dry the area

111
Tips for Successful Spotting

• Take your time when spotting spotting agents
  need time to work, and applying more spotting
  agents to speed up the process may damage the
  fibers or backing material. Also, excess spotting
  agent may stick to surface later and attract
  soils. Dont scrub the spot to speed up the
  process! Too much agitation may damage fibers,
  making the spot look worse than before.
• Leaving textiles in a mildly acidic state may
  help stabilize dyes and reduce potential for
  bleeding as the textile dries.

112
Examples of Water Soluble Soils

• Sugar
• Syrup
• Starchy foods
• Candy
• Water based lipstick and cosmetics

113
Examples of Protein Soils

• Blood
• Egg
• Vomit
• Urine
• Feces
• Milk
• Ice Cream

114
Examples of Tannin Stains

• Coffee
• Tea
• Soda
• Beer
• Fruit juice
• Mixed drinks

115
Examples of Color Adding Stains

• Red Wine
• Fruit Juice
• Mustard
• Some Inks

116
Examples of Volatile Solvent-Soluble Soils

• Light Oils
• Grease
• Tar
• Asphalt
• Carbon Paper

• Copier Toner
• Latex Adhesives
• Airplane Glue
• Candle Wax
• Chewing Gum

117
Examples of Nonvolatile Solvent-Soluble Soils

• Dried Paint
• Floor Wax
• Latex Glue
• Indelible Ink
• Crayons
• Lipstick
• Nail Polish
• Varnish

118
Example of Rust Stains

• Rust

119
Spot Removal Review Questions

• What are soils classified as when they add
  substance and can be felt on fabrics?
• What are soils classified as when they have no
  texture and cannot be felt on fabrics?
• What is the first step in spot removal?
• When qualifying spot removal with a customer, in
  what situation would you guarantee spot removal
  results?
• If you do not know what type of soil is in a
  spot, should you start with a water-based
  spotting agent or a dry solvent spotting agent?
  Why?
• To remove a spot of shoe polish, should you use a
  volatile solvent spotting agent, a nonvolatile
  spotting agent, or a water-based spotting agent?
• After using a nonvolatile spotting agent, do you
  rinse with Citric Acid or with a volatile
  spotting agent?
• What might happen if you try to speed up the spot
  removal process by applying a lot of spotting
  agent? What might happen if you scrub the spot?
• What part of a spot should you work on first in
  order to prevent the spot from spreading to a
  larger area during the spot removal process?
• When finished removing a spot and rinsing the
  area, should the surface be left strongly acidic,
  slightly acidic, slightly alkaline, or strongly
  alkaline?

120
Troubleshooting

• Color fading in textiles may be caused by
  several things. Dye stability, sunlight, wear,
  fume fading, and spills from bleaching agents are
  some for the most common reasons for color
  fading. Some colors can fade in areas exposed to
  direct sunlight.
• Fume fading is caused by gases from cooking,
  heating systems and other gases in the
  atmosphere.
• Color loss can occur when bleaching agents
  contact a textile

121

• There is no real solution for color loss or
  fading. These are typically pre-existing
  conditions and must be carefully noted on the
  Upholstery, Textile and Drapery Condition Report.
  Once colors have been removed or damaged the only
  way to replace them is to re-dye the fabric.

122
Bleeding

• Bleeding occurs when dyes are loosened by the
  cleaning agent and begin to run into other parts
  of the fabric.
• The primary way to prevent color bleeding is to
  pretest.
• If colors begin to bleed during cleaning, stop
  and immediately apply a slightly acid rinse like
  a Fabric Rinse and Color Set
• product.

123
Yellowing ProblemsSoiling

• Soils like animal urine, oils, cigarette smoke,
  cosmetics, lotions, and do-it-yourself upholstery
  and carpet cleaning products can cause color
  change in dyes. If the soil was deposited in a
  particular spot, yellowing or discoloration is
  typically in that spot, but discoloration from
  cigarette smoke and cleaning solutions may be
  over most of the fabric.
• Yellowing caused by soils such as cigarette smoke
  or animal urine may be removed by cleaning.

124
Streaking Problems

• The way to avoid streaks is to avoid overwetting,
  to extract the upholstery well, and pilate
  (especially on velvets).

125
Browning, Spots and Stains

• Older fabrics, excessive moisture and long drying
  periods increase the likelihood of browning.
• Browning from previous cleanings or water damage
  may sometimes be removed by cleaning upholstery
  fabric with an upholstery shampoo that contains
  bleaching agents (such as Haitian Cotton
  Upholstery Shampoo). If Haitian Cotton Upholstery
  Shampoo does not work, use Carpet and Upholstery
  Shampoo mixed with a Brown Out product that
  removes brown stains
• Make sure to pretest first Brown Out can bleach
  a textile bright white. Regardless of the
  products you use, limit the amount of moisture on
  the fabric by using the foam cleaning method.

126
Recurring Spots

• Spots sometimes reappear quickly after spot
  removal.
• The key to preventing spots from reappearing is
  to remove soils and cleaning agents. Rinsing and
  extracting are critical. Several rinse and
  extraction passes may be needed to remove all
  residues completely.
• You may also pack the area with Stain Absorb
  Powder. This will allow soils to wick into the
  powder instead of drying in the fibers.

127
Latent Stains

• What do you do when you see no stains as you
  first examine a piece of carpet or upholstery,
  but stains appear as you clean and the carpet
  becomes wet?
• These stains are called Latent Stains and they
  typically appear as a lighter color (like a spot
  that has been bleached out).
• Normally, you can do nothing to reverse these
  stains. The damage was done before you arrived.

128
Problems Specific to Carpet
129
Filtration Soiling

• Filtration soiling is caused by air being forced
  through a carpet, around the edges of carpet, or
  between doors and carpets. Air contains soils
  such as smoke, cooking oils, dust, smog and other
  pollutants. The carpet acts as a filter as air
  passes through and soils are deposited in the
  fibers and backings.
• Filtration soiling looks like sharp,
  well-defined, dark gray or black lines around the
  edges of walls, under doors, or even in the
  middle of the room.

130
Improper Carpet InstallationIf a carpet is not
installed properly, you may come across the
following problems

• Waves or wrinkles develop in the carpet after
  cleaning due to poor stretching.
• Seams come apart and delaminate in the area of
  the seam.
• Edges of carpet in the seam were not glued
  (buttered) before seaming and pile tufts are
  missing or come out during cleaning.
• Carpet pile direction is reversed causing the
  carpet to have different shades of coloring.
• Carpet is not properly attached to tackless strip
  or edging strips.

131
Apparent Soils

• Apparent soils are not actually soils, but
  conditions that look like soil.
• Wear actually occurs when there is a loss of
  fibers from the textile causing other fibers to
  not stand up properly. Even when pilated, fibers
  may lay back over quickly.
• Worn textiles may look matted (even though
  matting is usually caused by heavy soiling).
• Cleaning can reverse most matting problems, but
  cannot reverse wear problems.

132
Troubleshooting Review Questions

• What is the only way to fix color bleaching or
  color loss?
• What can a technician do to avoid bleeding
  problems?
• What are some possible causes of yellowing?
• How can you avoid leaving streaks in fabrics?
• How can you correct cellulosic browning?
• How do you fix a recurring spot?
• What is a latent stain?
• What types of problems are caused by improper
  carpet installation?
• What is wear?
• What causes filtration soiling?

133
Job Process

• The overall process for completing an upholstery
  or carpet cleaning job in a commercial or
  residential setting is very similar, regardless
  of the cleaning method being performed. Each job
  will have unique characteristics, but the basic
  process is the same.

134
Authorization to Perform Services

• For basic residential and commercial jobs, the
  crew chief makes sure the customer signs the
  authorization to perform services line on the
  SERVPRO Invoice before beginning work. Never
  start work without an authorization! The SERVPRO
  owner will notify you if there is an exception to
  this rule.

135
INVOICE

• Do not total the invoice until AFTER all
  production work has been completed. This allows
  you an opportunity to write in any add-on
  services and/or retail sales during the job.
  Once all changes have been made, total the
  invoice.

136
Production Guidelines

• Production guidelines will guide you through the
  steps of each production process. The crew chief
  should review the EZ Production Guideline for
  each type of service being performed.

137
Inventory

• The crew chief will review the inventory list to
  be sure everything needed for the day is loaded
  onto the truck.
• The inventory list should be used to verify
  products, equipment, accessories and safety
  equipment needs.

138
Vehicle Location

• Do not block the customers
• Vehicle in or park a van
• Leaking oil on a driveway.
• Do not park in basement
• Garages, carports, or
• Where exhaust can enter a building.
• When possible, the van should be placed
• Where neighbors can see it to advertise
• SERVPRO

139
CREWRULES
140
Follow SERVPROS standard production rules and
customers will be impressed with SERVPROS
professionalism.

• No Smoking Never smoke or use chewing tobacco on
  the job site.
• Uniforms Always dress in proper uniform at a job
  site. NEVER take off your shirt and make sure it
  is tucked in.
• Safety Always wear the appropriate PPE and take
  proper safety measures on the job site. Product
  and equipment staging areas must be kept out of
  reach of pets and children. Ask customers to
  remove pets from the area if necessary. Put lids
  back on product bottles.

• Language Profanity is strictly prohibited.
  Conversations should be work related customers
  do not want to know about our personal business.
• Telephone Do not use a customers telephone. If
  a business-related emergency arises, ask
  permission and be as brief as possible. Never
  answer a customers phone.
• Privacy/Security Do not enter areas that are not
  being cleaned. Always ask permission before
  opening a closed door.

141
Crew Rules Continued

• Bathroom Use Always ask permission to use a
  customers bathroom. Leave the toilet and sink
  clean. Never use a customers towels (use a
  SEVPRO towel or paper towels).
• Courtesy Always listen to the customer with full
  attention. Treat customers like you would want
  to be treated. Remember, the customer is the
  person who makes it possible for us to earn a
  living! They deserve to receive the best possible
  service
• Drug and Alcohol Use NEVER use drugs or alcohol
  on the job. Politely refuse if customers offer
  you drugs or alcohol.

142
Customer GreetingandJob Preview

• Everyone in the crew should go to the front door
  and greet the customer.

143
The Security Check

• With the security check we notify each neighbor
  for security purposes that SERVPRO is working in
  their neighborhood.
• We give each neighbor a SERVPRO Professional
  Cleaning Services brochure, telling about the
  services we perform.

144
Pretest and Qualify

• Pretesting should be done even if the estimator
  has pretested during the estimate.
• The crew chief must always pretest.
• If a helper is on a job, use the pretesting as a
  training opportunity.
• If the pretest shows any possible problems, talk
  to the customer so everyone clearly understands
  the results.
• Customers may be disappointed if you promise
  great results and fall short.
• Instead promise less and try to do more for the
  customer. This means Under Promise and Over
  Deliver!

145
Add-On Sales

• An add-on sale is an attempt to provide
  additional services to customers who already have
  work being performed.

146
Tips for Offering Add-ons

• When offering an add-on service to a customer,
  offer services that you can complete while you
  are there. Introduce one add-on service at a
  time and discuss the Features, Advantages and
  Benefits (FAB) of that service. Use SERVPRO
  Specification sheets to outline the FAB.
• Only offer cleaning services that are truly
  needed and will be of value to the customer.

• Features
• What it is
• Advantages
• What it does
• Benefits
• What it does for you

147
Customer Walk-Through

• The customer walk-through is done to make sure
  the customer is happy with the job.
• Ask the customer to check the work and verify
  that furniture and contents have been returned to
  the proper place.
• Do the walk-through before breaking down
  equipment and reloading. This make it much
  easier if you need to re-clean an area.

148
Job Process Review Questions

• Why should the SERVPRO invoice not be totaled
  before the production crew leaves for the job?
• How does a residential customer give
  authorization for you to perform services?
• How can you be sure you have all required
  cleaning agents, supplies and equipment on the
  van for a job?
• When parking the van at a job site,what parking
  locations should you avoid?
• When the production crew first arrives at a job
  site, who should go to the door to greet the
  customer?
• What is the purpose of a security check?
• If an estimator or salesperson has already
  pretested the items to be cleaned, what must the
  crew chief do before cleaning?
• Wh