THEME 4: TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS THAT RESPOND TO DEMANDS AND MARKET OPPORTUNITIES Synthesisers Report

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THEME 4 TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS THAT RESPOND TO
DEMANDS AND MARKET OPPORTUNITIES Synthesisers
Report

• Frances Kimmins, Mette Vaarst,
• Cyprian Ebong, Kerry Albright

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Synthesisers report

• Review the papers describing technology options
  under Theme 4 to draw out
• Best practices
• Key lessons learnt
• Options which are not represented
• Introduction
• Review of crop/soil resource papers
• Review of livestock papers
• Cross cutting issues
• Gaps from both

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Theme 4 Technological options that respond to
demands and market opportunities

• Goal To provide appropriate technologies,
  knowledge, information and methods that enhance
  productivity, increase value and the
  competitiveness of agricultural systems and the
  products in both national and international
  markets.
• Outputs
• Technological options that increase productivity
  of crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry
  resources developed and promoted
• Technological options that optimise quality,
  broaden utilization base and enhance
  marketability of agricultural products developed
  and promoted
• Appropriate farm power, tools and equipment that
  optimise production and processing developed and
  promoted

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Technological options mean

• Technical options (tests, electronic equipments,
  bio-control agents etc.)
• Knowledge and information
• Management practices

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Selected papers for theme 4

• Approximately 52 papers in total
• 36 crop/soil resource papers
• 16 livestock papers
• The majority originated from Uganda and a number
  covered cross regional programmes.
• The remaining papers were submitted by
  researchers in Kenya, Benin, Ethiopia, Senegal
  River Valley, Malawi and Nepal.

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Technology options

• Focus for crop/soil resource options
• Crop varieties
• Management practices
• Biological control of pests and diseases
• Agroprocessing
• New equipment
• Gaps
• Only a few economic evaluations were reported

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Technology options

• Focus for livestock options
• Breeding
• Feeding
• Animal husbandry practices
• Incl. management of medicine
• Animals role on the farm
• Gaps
• Only a few economic evaluations were reported
• No new technologies described

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Partnerships represented in the papers

• National scientists
• Natural social sciences
• International scientists
• NGO
• Farmer groups
• Extension organisations
• Poorly represented commercial partners

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Purpose of technological options
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Crop/soil resource papers

• Most papers described field based participatory
  studies to identify, develop and assess
  technologies
• Few addressed strategic/basic research issues
• Smallest number submitted on crop processing/new
  equipment

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Examples of participatory research activities 1
on crop/soil research

• Good practice in development of technological
  options
• through participatory methods
• 335-4 Working with Smallholder Farmers to Improve
  Maize Production and Marketing in Western Kenya.
  Paul L. Woomer and Eusebius J. Mukhwana,, Kenya
• 64-4 Experiences of Soil Fertility Management
  Through Legume Based Farmer Participatory
  Experimentation in Malawi. Amon Kabuli Judith
  Malawi
• 157-4 Developing Technology Options for Rice
  Integrated Crop Management (RICM) in the Sahel
  Zone of West Africa Case of irrigated rice
  production the Senegal River Valley Mohamed
  Kebbeh, Kouamé Miezan and Mameri Camara
• 77-4 Evaluation and dissemination of Striga
  management technologies for small-scale sorghum
  farmers in eastern Uganda Olupot,J.Ra.,
  J.Oryokotb, D.S.O.Osiruc and B.Gebrekidanda

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Some examples of participatory research
activities 2

• Best practice in improving producers access to
  new technologies
• 95-4 Pigeon pea seed production and delivery
  system An experience in the Lango farming system
  J.E.P. Obuo, J.R. Omadi, D. Okwang and H.
  Okurut-Akol Uganda
• 114-4 Farmer Led Multiplication of Rosette
  Resistant Groundnut Varieties. Tino Grace
• 116-4 Promoting Potato Seed Tuber Management for
  increased Ware Yields in Kapchorwa, Eastern
  Uganda. Sarah Namisi and Julian Smith

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Lessons learnt from the participatory research
activities 1

• ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF RESEARCHERS
• Broader than just the development of
  technological options, need to manage knowledge
  and communicate options to end users
• APPROACHES TO TARGETING RESEARCH
• Important tool for prioritising research
  activities
• Can be used to address a range of farming
  constraints and/or provide other benefits such as
  additional grain for food, weed suppression,
  animal feed, fuelwood etc

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Lessons learnt from the participatory research
activities 2

• OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESEARCH PROMOTION ARE ENHANCED
• enables researchers, service providers and
  farmers to work together to identify effective
  practices for different environments
• provides a good environment for learning and
  sharing messages between the different
  stakeholders
• empowers farmers in the decision processes
• RESOURCE ALLOCATION
• Resources must be available for a number of years
  especially for perennial crops because
  outcomes/impact will not be evident over a 3 year
  time scale

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Lessons learnt from Participatory Research
Activities 3

• DEMAND ARTICULATION
• Demand should not rely on solely researchers
  assessments because they realise they may not
  have an adequate understanding of farmer
  resources (e.g. time, labour or capital) or
  market requirements.
• Demand-led research is also not a simple case of
  reacting to farmers demands because it does not
  take into account knowledge and technologies of
  which farmers are unaware.

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Lessons learnt from Participatory Research
Activities 4

• Improves the likelihood of technology uptake
• Improves the speed of delivering varieties with
  marketable qualities to farmers

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Questions arising from the participatory projects

• Q. Next steps?
• Q. How do researchers scale up their findings?
• Q. What promotion channels can be used to promote
  the benefits to non- participating farmers?

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Strategic research activities

• Good practice described in
• 126-4 Seed transmission of Fusarium xylarioides
  in Coffea canephora in Uganda. Hakiza G.J.
  Kyetere D. T1., Erbaugh M., Warren, H., and S.
  Olal.
• 322-4 The use of starter cultures in the
  fermentation of bushera a Ugandan traditional
  fermented sorghum beverage. C. M. B K. Muyanjaa,
  T. Langsrudb J.A. Narvhusb,
• 323-4 Early screening of cassava for resistance
  to root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.)Kagoda,
  F., Coyne, D., Kajumba, C., Dusabe,
• Biocontrol research papers submitted by the
  Ugandan National Banana programme and IITA
• 325-4 A greenhouse experiment to evaluate compost
  derived from household and market crop wastes
  Idenfors, A., 1E. Otabbong, 2J.S. Tenywa and 2A.
  Amoding

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Lessons learnt from strategic research projects

• Underpins technology development and client
  oriented approaches by generating new knowledge
  on poorly understood problems
• Explores management options for which there are
  no existing solutions
• May require policy action by researchers
• Provides a relatively controlled environment to
• test hypotheses
• screen large numbers of genotypes
• enhance local breeding efforts
• Provides baseline information
• Important for providing training opportunities

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POST HARVEST PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIESAPPROPRIATE
FARM POWER, TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

• 259-2 Long-term storage of sweet potato by
  small-scale farmers through improved post harvest
  technologies Namutebi, A., Natabirwa, H., Lemaga,
  B4, Kapinga, R, Matovu, M., Tumwegamire, S.,
  Nsumba, J. and Ocom J.
• 161-4 Improving the AEATRI-motorized maize
  sheller to meet the market demands of commercial
  maize farmers Candia Alphonse, Saasa Richard,
  Muzei James and Ocen Paul
• 34-4Production of tomato puree an alternative to
  conservation of locally produced tomato in Benin
  D. Montcho O Fagbohoun
• 40-4Development on improved parboiling equipment
  for paddy rice in BeninPaul Houssou Eric
  Amonsou

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Lesson learnt from the post harvest processes and
technologies

• Economic analyses should be integrated into
  research projects to assess financial benefits.
• Research to broaden utilization base and enhance
  marketability should be enhanced in national
  programmes-linkages to private sector?

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Livestock papers

• All papers described on-farm or
  in-farming-community studies to identify, develop
  and assess technologies
• Unclear in most papers previously identified
  problem areas gt participatory approach
• sensitized / trained / provided with /
• Researcher formulate research question in most
  studies, carry out the research and interpret the
  results

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Improved breeds

• Ssewannyana, E., Oluka, J, Masaba, J.K. Growth
  and performance of indigenous and crossbred goats
  at Serere, Uganda. 537-542.
• Ssewannyana, E. Onyait, A.O., Ogwal Okot, J.,
  Masaba, J. Strategies for improving the meat and
  egg productivity of indigenous chickens in Kumi
  and Apac district, Uganda.
• Bebe, B.O. Effects of feeding systems and breed
  of cattle on reproductive performance and milk
  production on smallholder farms. 558-563.
• Needs to address
• What should be ready before breeds are considered
  (e.g. water, feed, hygiene )?
• Consequences for management practices?
• Consequences on household, community and animal
  population levels?

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Time and improvement

• Ssewannyana, E. Onyait, A.O., Ogwal Okot, J.,
  Masaba, J. Strategies for improving the meat and
  egg productivity of indigenous chickens in Kumi
  and Apac district, Uganda.
• Lesson learned about a success
• Improvement can be measured in very short time
• Vaccination strategy simple with dramatic
  (positive) effect
• Gender issue explicitly addressed
• Concern project organised by researchers
• Concern about long-term exhausting projects with
  identification phase etc.!

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Disease management

• Okello-Onen, J., Ssekitto, C.M.B., Mwayi, W.
  Factors affecting the sustainability of tick and
  tick-borne disease control in Uganda and
  malpractice associated with acaricide use.
  663-666.
• Twinamasiko, E., Tailor, N., Mbuza, F., Senyonga,
  S. Evaluation of the role of antibiotics and
  anti-bacterial agents in the control of
  contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. 458-465.
• Lesson learned gives background to raise
  critical voice
• Background knowledge Increasing problems with
  resistance against medicines. Residuals also food
  safety issue!!!
• Medicine is often used inappropriately
• Medicine cannot compensate for bad conditions/
  management
• Diagnostics? Facilities to evaluate relevance of
  medication?

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Health promotion and disease management

• In research (often) the tragic divorce
• In extension, training learning how cover both
  also partly divorced!

Can the current animal health and veterinary
system meet the demand ? How improve? How
collaborate with other disciplines?
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Focus on resources

• Okello-Onen, J., Okoth, J.O., Abila, P.P.,
  Matete, G.O., Wamwiri, F., Politzar, H.
  Effektiveness of monoscreen traps for tsetse fly
  control. 667-671.
• Ssewannyana, E. Mukasa, B. Assessment of the
  potential productivity of pigs in the Teso and
  Longo farming systems, Uganda A case study.
  549-553.
• Okurut, S., Odogola, W.R., Candia, A., Saasa,
  A.R. Constraints to utilization of draft animal
  power technology at farm level in Uganda.
  564-568.
• Ocaido, M., Muwazi, R., Opuda-Asiibo, J.
  Economics of developing mixes game and livestock
  production systems around lake Mburo National
  Park, Uganda.
• Lesson to learn more from focus on available
  resources!
• Non-chemical solutions gives no prestige?
• Scavenger animals
• Feed resources local / left overs / conservation
  / mixed grazing systems
• Draft animals
• The role of the animal(s) / species breeds!!!

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Whose responsibility to transfer?

• Shrestha, N.P. Edwards, S.A. Evaluation of
  suckling and post weaning practices for improving
  reproductive efficiency in Nepalese Pakhribas
  pigs. 554-557.
• Oluka, J., Ssewannyana, E., Petersen, P.H. Effect
  of management systems on body weight of
  indigenous goat kids reared under on-farm
  conditions.
• Oluka, J., Petersen, P.H., Kiwuwa, G.H.
  Bareeba, F.B. Population screening for selection
  of bucks and does in Mubende goat in Uganda.
  543-548.
• Who and how to transfer this?
• Best reproduction in sows only night suckling
  for piglets after 6 weeks in Nepalese study
• Best results with kids women are care-takers
• Indication weight of doe influences kids weight
  till yearling age
• Farmer innovation? Researcher contribute?
  Extension agents? Technology/ recommendation?

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Transforming agriculture through
researchResearch and responsibility

• Cross-disciplinary research
• Also needed in vet. Science and livestock
  research!
• Farming system view and approach
• Focus on expert areas ok but take whole system
  into planning, analysing, discussing
• Scientists responsible to be the professional
  take that role in the partnership!
• Participatory research
• No general correct answer developed in
  context
• Action research
• Research process and plans develop during project

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Private farms
Research stations
Case-
Experiments
studies
Models
Decision
aids
resource use
production
and
Scientific results New knowledge, tools
FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH METHODS
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Towards sustainability?

• Sabiiti, E.N., Mpairwe, D., Rwakaikara, M.S.,
  Mugasi, S. Restoration of degraded natural
  grasslands to enhance soil fertility, pasture and
  animal productivity. 466-469.
• Kabirizi, J., Mpairwe, D., Mutetikka, D.
  Incorporating leguminous forages in intensive
  smallholder dairy cattle production systems in
  Masaka district, Uganda Farmers experiences and
  lessons learnt.
• Ocaido, C.P., Otim, C.P., Okuna, N.M., Ssekitto,
  C., Kakaire, D., Erume, J., Wafula, R.Z.O.,
  Monrad, G., Walubengo, J., Musisi, G.,
  Okello-Bwangamoi, Okure, S., Ebiaru, W. Dual
  control on ticks and tsetse flies using
  deltamethrin through community participatory
  methods. 672-679.
• Responsible use of medicine costs benefits
• Animals as a part of the farm gt
• Species and breeds Specialization / diversity
• Disease pressure in community and area
• Avoid overloading of land
• Human capital Work load!
• Water and feed access supply? Dry season?

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Questions arising from the on-farm projects

• Q. Next steps dissemination?
• Q. How do researchers scale up their findings?
• Q. How can benefits be used by all farmers? How
  is the importance of the context evaluated when
  results are used somewhere else than where they
  were made?

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Development of new Use of existing technologies

• Developmen of some new technologies relevant,
  e.g. diagnostics, animal husbandry practices etc.
  
• Going through these papers How can existing
  technologies be implemented when and where they
  are relevant and used appropriately?
• In livestock research and development Need for
  involving more levels (human, farm, community,
  organisations, institutions) facing the
  complexity!

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Farmer Field Training Learning

• Context based
• Exchange
• Common knowledge developed
• Local ressources

• Complex life situations!
• Farmers need to be driving force in on-farm
  improvement
• Support from animal health professionals needed!
• Development MUST be in harmony with need and
  conditions Research as development and vice
  versa!

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Gaps in the livestock theme

• In most papers reflections on the complexity of
  the livestock production systems lacking
• Quite narrow focus on one or few technological
  options and not thinking further to
  implementation or how it fits into the whole
  farming system
• Food safety and quality issues only covered
  through medicine mismanagement not zoonoses,
  hygiene, nutritional value of animal food
  products
• Gender considerations poorly represented
• Private sector particularly processors, retailers
  or exporters apparently not involved in research

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Cross cutting issues in crop/soil resource papers

• Linkages between the agriculture and health
  sectors have been identified by some teams
• Sengoobas team on improved mangoes and citrus
  have linked health, gender and market concerns to
  technical information
• Muyanja et al on bushera mentions that heat
  treatment of bushera can improve food safety by
  reducing coliform bacteria levels
• Houssous and Amonsous paper acknowledge that
  par boiling of paddy enhances not only yield but
  nutritional quality/ value of rice
• Sabiitis team mentions the importance of
  grasslands for both animal production and herbal
  medicine

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Gaps in the crop theme

• No papers on biotechnology
• Offers possibilities of increasing resistance to
  nematodes, viruses, and fungal diseases in lines
  preferred by consumers
• Gender considerations poorly represented
• Only 4 papers disaggregate information by gender
• Few if any projects described explicit research
  linkages to the private sector particularly
  processors, retailers or exporters