Questions

1
Questions

• The Crow Indians had to buy back their land back
  from what Act?
• What administration is in charge of management
  of 55.7 million acres of land held in trust by
  the United States for American Indians?
• What is the percentage of native American high
  school graduates that go on to high education?
• When was Progressive Education first applied?
• What dance was used to get revenge on a rival
  tribe?
• Give some examples of what the Guardian Spirit
  could take form in during a vision quest?
• Was Polygamy allowed in Crow Marriages between
  men and women?
• Young girls in the Crow community would wear
  young beads on their dresses to enhance their
  beauty. What other purposes did the beads serve?
• Young boys were trained to look after their own
  needs at a young age. Was the training the boys
  endured for long periods of time?
• What two major events affected the Crow Indians
  way of life?
• What is the Crow word for Shinny?
• What were the main items wagered in crow boys
  games?

2
Crow Indian Nation

• 1930-1960

3
Major Events in the 20th Century

• May 24, 1906
• Proclamations. 34 Stat., Part 3, 3200.
• An agreement between the Indians of the Crow
  Indian Reservation in Montana, on the one part,
  and Benjamin F. Barge, James H. McNeely, and
  Charles G. Hoyt, Commissioners on behalf of the
  United States, on the other part, amended and
  ratified by Act of Congress approved April
  twenty-seven, nineteen hundred and four (33
  Stat., 352), said Indians ceded, granted, and
  relinquished to the United States all their
  right, title, and interest in and to the
  unallotted lands.
• Crow Indian tribe had to buy back the land which
  was taken from them during the 19th century
  Homestead Act.
• Persons who make homestead entry for any of the
  ceded lands will be required to pay four dollars
  per acre, payment in all cases to be made as
  follows One dollar per acre at the time of
  entry, and the remainder to be paid in four
  equal, annual installments, the first installment
  to be paid at the end of the second year. Upon
  all entries the usual fee and commissions shall
  be paid.

4
Major Events Contd.

• Bureau Of Indian Affairs (BIA)
• Since its inception on March 11, 1824, the Bureau
  of Indian Affairs has been a witness to and the
  principle player  in the history of
  federal-tribal relations.  Once an instrument of
  federal policies to subjugate and assimilate
  American Indian tribes and their peoples, the BIA
  has changed, and has the policies of the past 177
  years.
• The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) responsibility
  is the administration and management of 55.7
  million acres of land held in trust by the United
  States for American Indians, Indian tribes, and
  Alaska Natives. There are 562 federal recognized
  tribal governments in the United States.
  Developing forestlands, leasing assets on these
  lands, directing agricultural programs,
  protecting water and land rights, developing and
  maintaining infrastructure and economic
  development are all part of the agency's
  responsibility.
• Indian Reorganization Act An Act to conserve and
  develop Indian lands and resources to extend to
  Indians the right to form business and other
  organizations to establish a credit system for
  Indians to grant certain rights of home rule to
  Indians to provide for vocational education for
  Indians and for other purposes. July 16th 1934.

5
Native American Children Education

• 1930 - 1960

6
Introduction

• Through out the nation, Native American kids
  travel each day for hours at a time to get to
  school
• These schools like the kids, lack essential
  school materials to even attempt a proper
  education
• Today, only 17 of Native American high school
  graduates will go on to collage compared to the
  62 of the national average

7
1930s

• Collier's "Indian New Deal" had a separate Indian
  Civilian Conservation Corps and an Indian
  Emergency Conservation Work program.
  Opportunities were made for vocational training
  as well as jobs and job training.
• The Depression had finally benefited Indian
  people! Collier and his new director of the
  Education Division Willard Beatty were convinced
  that Indian education should be rooted in the
  community and should stress the values of native
  culture.
• Progressive education was applied for the first
  time during the New Deal period
• Children learned through the medium of their own
  cultural values while becoming aware of the
  values of white civilization.

8
1930s Contd.

• -Indian Service teachers were taught to be
  sensitive to Indian culture and to use methods
  adapted to the unique characteristics and needs
  of Indian children.
• -Community day schools increased from 132 to 226
  and enrollment tripled.
• By the mid-thirties, the military routine in the
  boarding schools had been abandoned and children
  were permitted more social life.
• -Vocational programs were created to teach
  skills that would be of use to students if they
  returned to their reservations.
• -Job training shifted from an urban emphasis to
  a rural one.
• -Indian schools introduced Indian history, art
  and language.
• -A directive was issued that there be no
  interference with Indian religious life or
  ceremonial expression.
• -Interest in Indian art grew during the period
  and in 1935 the Indian Arts and Crafts Board was
  created. Craft guilds appeared on many
  reservations and art classes in federal schools
  were organized.

9
1940 - 1950

• During World War II, funding for reservations was
  cut back. Buildings deteriorated and schools
  were closed.
• A 1944 report recommended that students should
  attend off-reservation boarding schools as they
  had at the turn of the century.
• The first bilingual pamphlets appeared between
  1940 and 1945. However, bilingual education was a
  difficult task--few books were available and few
  instructors were competent to teach.

10
1960s

• In 1966, President Lyndon Johnson appoints an
  American Indian to become commissioner of Indian
  affairs, Robert Lafollette Bennett.
• In 1968, The National Council on Indian
  Opportunity (NCIO) was established by Executive
  Order of President Lyndon B. Johnson. This was a
  new U.S. governmental body established to
  facilitate Indian participation in U.S.
  government decision-making concerning Indian
  policy.

11
1960s Contd.

• In 1969, Senate Report 91-501 -- commonly known
  as the Kennedy Report was published by the
  Special Subcommittee on Indian Education, Senate
  Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. Titled
  "Indian education A national tragedy, a national
  challenge," it said "the dominant policy of the
  federal government toward the American Indian has
  been one of coercive assimilation" and the policy
  "has had disastrous effects on the education of
  Indian children."
• Boarding schools made a number of curriculum
  changes and instituted all-Indian school boards.
  Indian Studies programs appeared in colleges,
  private foundations increased financial aid, and
  private companies were tapped for the first time.
  

12
Crow Health Issues and Concerns
Medicine Wheel of the Crow
13
Health Concerns

• Early on set of Diabetes
• Malnutrition
• Access to Health Care Facilities
• Inadequate Prenatal Care
• High Risk for Injury

14
Major Health Events for the 1930 1960 Era

• The Merriam Commission spurred a movement during
  President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration
  to improve health conditions for Native
  Americans.
• Active Solicitation
• July 1, 1954 Congress transferred all Native
  American health care programs and
  responsibilities from the Department of
  Interiors Bureau of Indian Affairs to the
  Department of Health, Education, and Welfares
  Public Health Services.
• ? Sparked a pull to get physicians to try
  government employment working on the reservations.

15
Games of the Crow

• The crow children played numerous games, though
  many were centered on skills that would affect
  their ability to maintain self sufficiency.
• In a crow myth about grandchildren it is said
  that When the old woman wishes to determine the
  sex of a youthful intruder, she puts into her
  garden a twofold bait,- a bow with arrows as well
  as a shiny stick and ball since it is the bow
  and arrows that disappear, she knows it must have
  been a boy.
• This quote makes it obvious that crow boys have a
  natural affinity for bows and arrows, and this
  can be see when analyze their activities.

16
Games Contd

• You can find the male children running around
  playing games like one which involves gather up
  pupua grass, making a bundle about a foot long
  and thicker at one end, and tied it together with
  sinew or, if away from camp, with willow bark.
• The boys split into groups and wagered arrows as
  to who could get closest to the target or hit it.
  
• Another game the boys would play involved a group
  of them gathering around a creek and throwing a
  ring of willow bark into its middle. The boys
  would then try to grab the ring with hooked
  sticks from each side of the creek bank, and
  attempt to pull their opponent into the water.

17
Games Contd

• Shinny or ball-striking (bupstaritua) was a
  game played by women, but a game which young
  girls played to be like the women. In this game
  the girls would toss a ball into the air and each
  group would try to drive the ball into the
  opposite goal, using 3 foot long poles to hit it.
  Unlike other tribes, the crow allowed the ball to
  be carried by hand. This game seems to have been
  some combination between polo, croquet, and
  rugby.
• The sexes were sometimes pitted against each
  other in a game with a big dry hide, perforated
  long the border and with rope run through the
  holes.
• Games varied from tribe to tribe.

18
Crow Religion

• The Crow Indians of this time believed in a
  supreme being which they called the First Maker
  or which is also referred to as the guardian
  spirits, but they did not worship it directly.
• They sought his compassion and favor through
  devotion to various animals and objects of nature
  that they regarded as possessing supernatural
  powers.
• Medicine men, healers and visionaries were versed
  in the secrets of nature through their intensive
  study and worship of their respective gods.

19
Crow Religion Contd.

• Each member of the tribe worshipped their own
  gods individually or in small groups as members
  of a particular ritual or ceremony such as the
  Sacred Pipe Dance, Wound Curing, Sun Dance and
  many more.
• One of the many rituals that the Crows practiced
  was the Sun Dance which was essentially a prayer
  of vengeance the crow believed that by doing the
  Sun Dance they might be able to get a vision by
  which they could bring revenge on a rival tribe.
• Guardian spirits which generally took the form of
  animals or features of the natural environment,
  usually revealed them selves during a vision quest

20
Religion Contd.

• Men would go on visions quests so seek guidance
  from the spirits. A young man undertaking a
  vision quest would purify himself first in a
  sweat lodge, then travel to a sacred mountain
  top, where he would fast of food and water for 3
  days, slept uncovered in the cold fore three
  nights and sometimes a man might cut off the
  first joint of one of his fingers and offer it to
  the rising sun. If he proved his courage and
  willingness to deprive himself his guardian
  spirit would appear to him in a vision on the
  fourth day.

21
Gender Roles

• The Crow are a proud society filled with
  traditions that are kept for everyday life
• Matriarchical Society
• Several Clans on the Reservation
• Each clan on the reservation is supportive of the
  others, shares the family responsibilities, and
  provides for the less fortunate members.
• At birth a child becomes a member of his/her
  mothers clan and also takes the name of her clan

22
(No Transcript)
23
Children
24
Boys
25
Dawn Garzon- Crow Indian Technology

• The Crow Indians have lived an agricultural life
  for hundreds of years
• On the reservation, Crow Indians practiced
  irrigated farming and dry land farming to earn an
  income.
• They used portions of grazing land for their herd
  of buffalo.
• The Great Depression and the drought had a huge
  affect on the Crow Indians.

26
Technology Contd

• Agriculture was affected by the loss of water and
  irrigation, which affected the diet and lives of
  the Crow Indians
• At the start of the 1930s the recorded
  population of the Crow Indians was only 1,963
  that lived on the reservation
• During the 1930s, Franklin Roosevelt returned
  40,000 acres of land back to the Crow Indian
  Reservation and stocked it full of buffalo from
  Yellowstone National Park and the National Bison
  Range.
• This gave the Crow Indians more resources to grow
  food and make a living for their families.
• In the late 1950's the buffalo were found roaming
  into other areas and during the 1953 harvest,
  many animals tested positive for brucellosis.

27
Technology Contd

• After a review by the U.S. Bureau of Sport
  Fisheries and Wildlife it was determined that the
  only practical solution was to eliminate the
  herd, which was done from 1962-1964
• More than 44,000 American Indians, out of a total
  Native American population of less than 350,000,
  served between 1941 and 1945 in World War II
• Women and children were left to work while the
  men were at war
• More than 40,000 American Indian women and
  children left their reservations to work in
  ordnance depots, factories, and other war
  industries