Welding and Cutting Safety

1
Welding and Cutting Safety

• Its your responsibility

2
Safety Topics

• Welding safety
• Arc rays
• PPEs
• Machines
• Ventilation
• Oxyfuel cutting safety
• Cylinders
• Oxygen
• Fuels
• Equipment
• Flame types

• Grinding safety
• Pedestal grinders
• Portable grinders
• General shop safety
• Fire extiguishers
• Burn treatment
• First aid
• MSDSs
• General safety

3
Arc Rays

• Welding arcs are intensely brilliant lights.
• They contain a proportion of ultraviolet light
  which may cause eye damage. For this reason, the
  arc should never be viewed with the naked eye
  within a distance of 50.0 ft (15.2 m).
• The spectrum of the welding arc is similar to
  that of the sun. Exposure of the skin and eyes to
  the arc is the same as exposure to the sun.
• Due to the close proximity, the arc is more
  dangerous than sun exposure.
• A burn to the eyes is known as flash burn

4
Personal Clothing Requirements

• 100 cotton or wool clothing.
• To assess UV protection of materials, simply hold
  the the material up to a light or window and see
  how much light gets through. Less light filtering
  through means greater protection. In addition,
  darker colors provide more protection than
  fabrics of the same material in light colors.
• Clothing must not be frayed or torn or it can
  catch fire.
• No exposed open pockets.
• No synthetic (flammable) materials are to be
  worn, such as nylon, polyester or rayon.
• Safety glasses are required at all times while
  working.
• High top, all leather boots.
• DO NOT carry matchers or lighter while welding,
  cutting or grinding.

5
Personal Protective Equipment

• A welding hood with the proper filter shade.
• A welding cap, optional, but recommended.
• A welding jacket.
• Apron, optional.
• Leather welding gloves.

6
Recommended Welding Filter shades
7
Recommended Welding Filter Shades

• A 10 shade lens is typically the recommended
  shade for most arc welding.

8
Reflected Arc Radiation

• Reflected UV light can cause the same burs as
  direct exposure.
• Where the work permits, the welder should be
  enclosed in an individual booth painted with a
  finish of low reflectivity such as zinc oxide (an
  important factor for absorbing ultraviolet
  radiations) and lamp black, or must be enclosed
  with noncombustible screens similarly painted.
  Booths and screens must permit circulation of air
  at floor level. Workers or other persons adjacent
  to the welding areas must be protected from the
  rays by noncombustible or flameproof screens or
  shields or must be required to wear appropriate
  goggles.

9
Electric Shock

• The hazard of electric shock is one of the the
  most serious and immediate risks facing a welder.
• To avoid being shocked
• The maximum open circuit voltage for a welder is
  80 volts.
• Wear dry gloves in good condition for welding.
• Do not touch the electrode or metal parts with
  skin or wet clothing while the machine is turned
  on.
• Keep dry insulation between the body and any
  grounded metal.
• Do not stand in water while welding.
• Do not place liquids on or above
  welders/electrical equipment.
• Keep welding cables and electrode holders in good
  condition.
• Remember water conducts electricity. You are
  mostly water!

10
Welding Safety

• Never weld or flame cut directly on concrete, it
  could explode from the heat.
• Be cautious when picking up metal, it could be
  hot.
• Do not leave hot metal in areas other than those
  designated or clearly mark the piece HOT
• Never pass current through a gas cylinder.
• Use screens to protect others from the arc light.

11
Welding Machine Care

• Welding machines should be cleaned and maintained
  on a regular schedule.
• Never exceed the rated duty cycle of the machine.
• The duty cycle is the of time the machine can
  be operated within a ten minute period.

12
Duty Cycle Chart Example

• The duty cycle is the percentage of time a
  welding machine can be used.
• The use time is based on a ten minute time
  period.
• Example a 60 duty cycle means that it can be
  used for six minutes and needs four minutes of
  cool down time.
• If the duty cycle is exceeded, the internal heat
  will damage the machine.

13
Ventilation Safety

• Consider proper ventilation your most important
  safety factor. Prior to welding or cutting, make
  sure you have clean air to breath or wear the
  proper respirator.
• "CAUTION! Welding may produce fumes and gases
  hazardous to health. Avoid breathing these fumes
  and gases. Use adequate ventilation. See ANSI
  Z49.1 1967 Safety in Welding and Cutting
  published by the American Welding Society.
• If there is smoke on your welding hood after
  welding, then your head is in the wrong place.

14
Proper Ventilation Requirements

• Mechanical ventilation must be provided when
  welding or cutting is done in a space of less
  than 1 0,000 cubic feet (284 m(3)) per welder-,
  in a room having a ceiling height of less than 16
  feet (5 m) or in confined spaces or where the
  welding space contains partitions, balconies, or
  other structural barriers to the extent that they
  significantly obstruct cross ventilation.
• Ventilation must be provided be at the minimum
  rate of 2,000 cubic feet (57 m(3)) per minute per
  welder, except where appropriate local exhaust
  hoods and booths a, or airline respirators
• Natural ventilation is considered sufficient for
  welding or cutting operations where the
  restrictions listed in the preceding paragraphs
  are not present.
• Respiratory protective equipment shall be used
  when the methods above are not feasible.
• Improper Use of Welding Gases. Compressed gases
  used for welding and cutting shall not be used
  for ventilation purposes, comfort cooling,
  blowing dust from clothing, or cleaning the work
  area.

15
Ventilation Requirements

• Minimum air flow/Duct diameter inches
• Welding Zone Cubic f/m Duct Dia. inches
• 4 to 6 inches from arc to torch 150 cfm 3
• 6 to 8 inches from arc or torch 275 cfm 3
  ½
• 8 to 10 inches from arc or torch 425 cfm 4
  ½
• 10 to 12 inches from arc or torch 600 cfm 5 ½

16
Toxic Materials

• Local exhaust ventilation shall be used when
  potentially hazardous materials are employed as
  base metals, fluxes, coatings, platings or filler
  metals. These include, but are not limited to,
  the following materials
• Beryllium Lead
• Cadmium Mercury
• Chromium Zinc
• Fluorides
• Inert-gas metal-arc welding or oxygen cutting of
  stainless steel
• Except for operations involving beryllium,
  cadmium, lead, or mercury, respiratory protective
  equipment is not required when natural or
  mechanical ventilation is sufficient to remove
  welding fumes from the breathing zone of the
  workers.

17
Solvents/Cleaning Agents

• Chlorinated Hydrocarbons. Degreasing or other
  operations involving chlorinated hydrocarbons
  shall be located or controlled such that vapors
  from these operations will not enter the
  atmosphere surrounding any welding or cutting
  operations to prevent the degradation of such
  chlorinated hydrocarbon vapors to more highly
  toxic gases by the action of heat or ultraviolet
  radiation.
• These types of solvents shall be no closer than
  200 feet from welding activities.

18
Oxyfuel Cutting (OFC)

• The oxyfuel cutting process uses a combination of
  oxygen and a fuel to provide a high temperature
  flame.

19
General Cutting Safety

• The light from cutting can be dangerous, a 5
  shade filter lens is recommended for most cutting
  applications.
• There is not enough UV light created by the flame
  to burn your skin.
• Sparks, molten metal and the flame can burn you,
  wear protective clothing.

20
Oxyfuel Cutting (OFC)

• OFC can be a manual process in which the welder
  must control the the torch movement or a machine
  can control the movement.
• The term oxyfuel gas cutting outfit refers to all
  the equipment needed to cut.
• Cylinders contain oxygen at extremely high
  pressure and a fuel gas at a low pressure.

21
Oxygen Cylinders

• Oxygen is stored within cylinders of various
  sizes and pressures ranging from 2000- 2640 PSI.
  (Pounds Per square inch)
• Oxygen cylinders are forged from solid armor
  plate steel. No part of the cylinder may be less
  than 1/4 thick.
• Cylinders are then tested to over 3,300 PSI
  using a (NDE) hydrostatic pressure test.

22
Oxygen Cylinders

• Cylinders are regularly re-tested using
  hydrostatic (NDE) while in service
• Cylinders are regularly chemically cleaned and
  annealed to relieve jobsite stresses created by
  handling .

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Oxygen Cylinder Storage Requirements

• Oxygen cylinders shall not be stored near highly
  combustable material (especially oil or grease)
  near reserve stocks of carbide, acetylene, or
  other gas cylinders near any other substance
  likely to cause or accelerate fire or in an
  acetylene generator compartment.
• Oxygen cylinders in storage shall be separated
  from fuel gas cylinders or combustable materials
  a minimum of 20 feet or by a noncombustable
  barrier at least 5 feet high having a
  fire-resistance rating of at least one-half hour.
• Inside buildings, cylinders shall be stored in
  well protected, well ventilated areas and shall
  be stored away from elevators, stairs, or
  gangways. Assigned storage spaces shall be
  located where cylinders will not be knocked over
  or damaged by passing or falling objects.
• Valve protection caps, where cylinders are
  designed to accept a cap, shall always be in
  place, hand-tight, except where cylinders are in
  use or connected for use.

24
Cylinder Transportation

• Never transport cylinders without the safety caps
  in place.
• Never transport with the regulators in place.
• Never allow bottles to stand freely. Always chain
  them to a secure cart or some other object that
  cannot be toppled easily.
• Never use cylinders as rollers or supports.

25
Oxygen Cylinders

• Oxygen cylinders incorporate a thin metal
  pressure safety disk made from stainless steel
  and are designed to rupture prior to the cylinder
  becoming damaged by pressure.
• The cylinder valve should be turned on all the
  way for any high pressure cylinder.

26
Pressure Regulators for Cylinders

• Reduce high storage cylinder pressure to lower
  working pressure.
• Most regulators have a gauge for cylinder
  pressure and working pressure.

27
Pressure Regulators for Cylinders

• Regulators are shut off when the adjusting screw
  is turn out completely.
• Regulators maintain a constant torch pressure
  although cylinder pressure may vary.
• Regulator diaphragms are made of stainless steel.

28
Regulator Hoses

• Hoses are are fabricated from rubber.
• Oxygen hoses are green in color and have right
  hand thread.
• Acetylene hoses are red in color with left hand
  thread.
• Left hand threads can be identified by a grove in
  the body of the nut and it may have ACET
  stamped on it.

29
Check Valves Flashback Arrestors

• Check valves allow gas to flow in one direction
  only.
• Flashback arrestors are designed to eliminate the
  possibility of an explosion at the cylinder.
• Combination Check/ Flashback Valves can be placed
  at the torch or regulator.

30
Fuel Gas Types

• Acetylene
• Gasoline
• Hydrogen
• Mapp gas
• Butane and Propane
• Propylene

31
Acetylene Gas

• Virtually all the acetylene distributed for
  welding and cutting use is created by allowing
  calcium carbide (a man made product) to react
  with water.
• The nice thing about the calcium carbide method
  of producing acetylene is that it can be done on
  almost any scale desired. Placed in
  tightly-sealed cans, calcium carbide keeps
  indefinitely. For years, miners lamps produced
  acetylene by adding water, a drop at a time, to
  lumps of carbide.
• Before acetylene in cylinders became available in
  almost every community of appreciable size
  produced their own gas from calcium carbide.

32
Acetylene Cylinders

• Acetylene is stored in cylinders specially
  designed for this purpose only.
• Acetylene is extremely unstable in its pure form
  at pressure above 15 PSI. (Pounds per Square
  Inch)
• Acetone is also present within the cylinder to
  stabilize the acetylene.
• Acetylene cylinders should always be stored in
  the upright position to prevent the acetone from
  escaping thus causing the acetylene to become
  unstable.

33
Acetylene Cylinders

• Cylinders are filled with a very porous substance
  monolithic filler to help prevent large pockets
  of pure acetylene from forming.
• Cylinders have safety (Fuse) plugs in the top and
  bottom designed to melt at 212 F (100 C).

34
Oxygen and Acetylene Regulator Pressure Settings

• Regulator pressure may vary with different torch
  styles and tip sizes.
• PSI (pounds per square inch) is sometimes shown
  as PSIG (pounds per square inch -gauge)
• Common gauge settings for cutting
• 1/4 material Oxy 30-35psi Acet 3-9 psi
• 1/2 material Oxy 55-85psi Acet 6-12 psi
• 1 material Oxy 110-160psi Acet 7-15 psi
• Check the torch manufactures data for optimum
  pressure settings.

35
Regulator Pressure Settings

• The maximum safe working pressure for acetylene
  is 15 PSI !

36
Gasoline

• Gasoline torches have been found to perform very
  well, especially where bottled gas fuel is not
  available or difficult to transport to the
  worksite.
• Tests showed that an oxy-gasoline torch cut steel
  plate up to 0.5 inch thick as well as
  oxyacetylene and 0.5 to 4 inches thick better 3
  times better at 4 inches thick.
• The gasoline is fed from a pressure tank whose
  pressure can be hand-pumped or fed from a gas
  cylinder.

37
Hydrogen

• Hydrogen has a clean flame and is good for use on
  aluminum.
• It can be used at a higher pressure than
  acetylene and is therefore useful for underwater
  welding and cutting.
• It is a good type of flame to use when heating
  large amounts of material.

38
Mapp Gas

• MAPP gas is a registered product of the Dow
  Chemical Company.
• It is liquefied petroleum gas mixed with
  methylacetylene-propadiene.
• It has a heat value a little less than acetylene.
• It can be used at much higher pressures than
  acetylene.
• It does not polymerize at high pressures - above
  15 psi or so (as acetylene does) and is therefore
  much less dangerous than acetylene.

39
Butane and Propane

• Butane, like propane, is a saturated hydrocarbon.
• Both are mixed together to attain the vapor
  pressure that is required by the end user and
  depending on the ambient conditions.
• Propane, however, has a very high number of BTUs
  per cubic foot in its outer cone, and so with the
  right torch (injector style) can make a faster
  and cleaner cut than acetylene, and is much more
  useful for heating and bending than acetylene.
• Propane is cheaper than acetylene and easier to
  transport.

40
Propylene

• Propylene cuts similarly to propane.
• When propylene is used, the torch rarely needs
  tip cleaning.
• There is often a substantial advantage to cutting
  with an injector torch.

41
Fuel Gas Cylinder Valves

• Fuel gas cylinder shut off valves should only be
  opened 1/4 to 1/2 turn
• This will allow the cylinder to be closed quickly
  in case of fire.
• Cylinder valve wrenches should be left in place
  on cylinders that do not have a hand wheel.

42
Typical torch styles

• A small welding torch, with throttle valves
  located at the front end of the handle. Ideally
  suited to sheet metal welding. Can be fitted for
  cutting.
• attachment in place of the welding head shown.
  Welding torches of this general design are by far
  the most widely used. They will handle any
  oxyacetylene welding job, can be fitted with
  multi-flame (Rosebud) heads for heating
  applications, and accommodate cutting attachments
  that will cut steel 6 in. thick.
• A full-size oxygen cutting torch which has all
  valves located in its rear body. Another style of
  cutting torch, with oxygen valves located at the
  front end of its handle.

43
Typical startup procedures

• Verify that equipment visually appears safe IE
  Hose condition, visibility of gauges.
• Clean torch orifices with a tip cleaners (a
  small wire gauge file set used to clean slag and
  dirt form the torch tip).
• Crack (or open) cylinder valves slightly allowing
  pressure to enter the regulators slowly.
• Opening the cylinder valve quickly will Slam
  the regulator and will cause failure.

44
Typical startup procedures

• Never stand directly in the path of a regulator
  when opening the cylinder.
• Check for leaks by setting the regulators to the
  working pressure and closing the cylinders for a
  short time. When opening the cylinder valves,
  watch for the regulators to increase in pressure,
  if they do, there is a leak in the system.
• Using a soapy (non-petroleum based) Bubble
  solution can reveal the leak location.

45
Typical startup procedures

• Always use a flint and steel spark lighter to
  light the oxygen fuel flame.
• Never use a butane lighter or matches to light
  the flame.

46
Flame Settings

• There are three distinct types of oxy-fuel
  flames, usually termed
• Neutral
• Carburizing (or excess fuel)
• Oxidizing (or excess oxygen )
• The type of flame produced depends upon the ratio
  of oxygen to acetylene in the gas mixture which
  leaves the torch tip.

47
Pure Acetylene and Carburizing Flame profiles
48
Neutral and Oxidizing Flame Profiles
49
Flame definition

• The neutral flame (Fig. 4-1) is produced when the
  ratio of oxygen to acetylene, in the mixture
  leaving the torch, is almost exactly one-to-one.
  Its termed neutral because it will usually
  have no chemical effect on the metal being
  welded. It will not oxidize the weld metal it
  will not cause an increase in the carbon content
  of the weld metal.
• The excess acetylene flame (Fig. 4-2), as its
  name implies, is created when the proportion of
  acetylene in the mixture is higher than that
  required to produce the neutral flame. Used on
  steel, it will cause an increase in the carbon
  content of the weld metal.
• The oxidizing flame (Fig. 4-3) results from
  burning a mixture which contains more oxygen than
  required for a neutral flame. It will oxidize or
  burn some of the metal being welded.

50
Pedestal or Bench Grinder Safety

• Safety glasses with side shields and a face
  shield must be worn. Hearing protection should be
  worn.
• Remove loose fitting clothing, jewelry, and tie
  back long hair.
• Gloves should not be placed near the grinding
  stone.
• Never grind aluminum with a wheel designed for
  steel. The wheel will overheat and could explode.

51
Pedestal or Bench Grinder Care

• Before working with a bench grinder, make sure
  the tool and its accessories are in the proper
  working order.
• Ring Test grinding wheels before mounting.
  Suspend the wheel on a pencil held horizontally
  through the center of the hole. Tap the wheel
  lightly with a plastic screwdriver handle, in
  spots 45 degrees from vertical. If it produces a
  clear ringing tone it is in good condition. If it
  sounds dull, REPLACE it.
• Inspect the wheels for a hairline crack before
  using. DO NOT USE A CRACKED WHEEL.
• Make sure the wheel housing guards are in place.
• Dont operate a grinder unless it is securely
  mounted to the solid surface.
• Do not heavy grind on the side of the wheel.
• Adjustments need to be made when the grinder is
  unplugged stopped. Adjust tool rests 1/8 from
  the wheels and slightly below center and spark or
  shatter guards (at the top of the wheel housing
  guards) 1/16away from the wheels. Re-adjust
  these as the wheels wear down to a smaller
  diameter.

52
Portable Grinder Safety

• Safety glasses with side shields and a face
  shield must be worn. Hearing protection should be
  worn.
• Never use a portable grinder without the guard in
  place and correctly adjusted.
• Always have the auxiliary handle fitted hold the
  grinder with both hands and have a Never grind
  aluminum with a wheel designed for steel. The
  wheel will overheat and could explode.
• stable stance.
• Ensure the workpiece is rigidly supported and
  firmly clamped. Movement in the workpiece during
  grinding may result in disc shatter or grinder
  kickback, with the potential for operator injury.
• Ensure the grinder is turned off before plugging
  it in.
• Check to make sure there are no flammable
  materials that may be hit by sparks and check the
  area for any smouldering material when the work
  is completed.
• The maximum speed in revolutions per minute (rpm)
  is marked on every wheel. Never exceed this
  limit.

53
Portable Grinder Care

• Inspect all wheels for cracks and defects before
  mounting them.
• Ensure that the mounting flange surfaces are
  clean and flat
• Run nearly mounted wheels at operating speed for
  one minute before grinding.
• Do not use a grinder that vibrates or makes
  unusual noises.
• If a grinder is dropped, you should inspect the
  grinding wheel for cracks or defects.
• Be aware of where your sparks are going.

54
Fire Extinguisher Requirements

• Suitable fire extinguishing equipment must be
  maintained in a state of readiness for instant
  use. Such equipment may consist of pails of
  water, buckets of sand, hose or portable
  extinguishers depending upon the nature and
  quantity of the combustible material exposed.
• Fire watchers are required whenever welding or
  cutting is performed in locations where other
  than a minor fire might develop, or any of the
  following conditions exist
• Appreciable combustible material, in building
  construction or contents, closer than 35 feet (1
  0. 7 m) to the point of operation.
• Appreciable combustibles are more than 35 feet (1
  0. 7 m) away but are easily ignited by sparks.
• Wall or floor openings within a 35-foot (1 0. 7
  m) radius expose combustible material in adjacent
  areas including concealed spaces 'n walls or
  floors.
• Combustible materials are adjacent to the
  opposite side of metal partitions, walls,
  ceilings, or roofs and are likely to be ignited
  by conduction or radiation.

55
Fire Watch Requirements

• Fire watchers must have fire extinguishing
  equipment readily available and be trained in its
  use. They must be familiar with facilities for
  sounding an alarm in the event of a fire. They
  must watch for fires in all exposed areas, try to
  extinguish them only when obviously within the
  capacity of the equipment available, or otherwise
  sound the alarm. A fire watch must be maintained
  for at least a half-hour after completion of
  welding or cutting operations to detect and
  extinguish possible smoldering fires.

56
Fire Extinguisher Types

• It is vital to know what type of extinguisher you
  are using. Using the wrong type of extinguisher
  for the wrong type of fire can be
  life-threatening.
• Class A extinguishers are for ordinary
  combustible materials such as paper, wood,
  cardboard, and most plastics. The numerical
  rating on these types of extinguishers indicates
  the amount of water it holds and the amount of
  fire it can extinguish.
• Class B fires involve flammable or combustible
  liquids such as gasoline, kerosene, grease and
  oil. The numerical rating for class B
  extinguishers indicates the approximate number of
  square feet of fire it can extinguish.
• Class C fires involve electrical equipment, such
  as appliances, wiring, circuit breakers and
  outlets. Never use water to extinguish class C
  fires - the risk of electrical shock is far too
  great! Class C extinguishers do not have a
  numerical rating. The C classification means the
  extinguishing agent is non-conductive.
• Class D fire extinguishers are commonly found in
  a chemical laboratory. They are for fires that
  involve combustible metals, such as magnesium,
  titanium, potassium and sodium. These types of
  extinguishers also have no numerical rating, nor
  are they given a multi-purpose rating - they are
  designed for class D fires only.

57
Fire Extinguisher Symbols
58
Using an Extinguisher

• To use an extinguisher, you pull out the safety
  pin.
• Aim at the fuel, not the flames, and depress the
  lever.
• Move the stream side to side with a sweeping
  motion.

59
Burn Types and Treatment

• FIRST DEGREE BURNS
• The first-degree burn usually produces a pink to
  reddish color on the burned skin. Mild swelling,
  tenderness and pain are also symptoms of a
  first-degree burn. This is the least serious type
  of burn and involves only the upper layer of
  skin, the epidermis. For these minor burns, the
  victim should cool with plain water and use
  non-prescription antibiotic creams. These burns
  usually heal on their own within a few days with
  little or no scarring. However, if a first-degree
  burn is over a large area of the body, seek
  emergency medical attention. Also, if an infant
  or elderly person suffers any type of burn, even
  minor, obtain medical assistance promptly.

60
Burn Types and Treatment

• SECOND DEGREE BURNS
• Second-degree burns involve the epidermis and the
  second skin layer, the dermis. The epidermis is
  destroyed and burned-through in a second-degree
  burn. There are the same symptoms of pain and
  swelling but the skin color is usually a bright
  red and blisters are produced. Usually
  second-degree burns produce scarring. Second
  degree burns may take from one to three weeks to
  heal but are considered minor if they cover no
  more than 15 of the total body area in adults
  and 10 body area in children. These burns
  require medical attention and medication to heal
  properly. Call for immediate medical help as soon
  as the burn occurs and do not apply any type of
  butter or greasy substance to the burn. This can
  hamper cooling of the burn area and also do
  further damage. Consult medical personnel about
  whether or not to administer fluids to victim
  before arriving at a hospital.

61
Burn Types and Treatment

• THIRD DEGREE BURNS
• The third-degree burn may appear charred or have
  patches which appear white, brown or black. Both
  the dermis and epidermis are destroyed and other
  organs, tissues and bones may also be involved.
  Third-degree burns are considered the most
  serious. They produce deep scars that many times
  require cosmetic or reconstructive surgery and
  skin grafts. Pain may or may not be present since
  usually nerve endings which transmit pain have
  been destroyed in this type burn.

62
What if you catch on Fire

• Smother the flames with your welding gloves.
• If the fire is large.
• STOP where you are. Moving or running feeds air
  to the flames and worsens the fire.
• DROP to the ground. If you stand up, the fire can
  burn your face. Fold your arms high on your chest
  to protect your face.
• ROLL slowly on the floor or ground, or in a
  blanket or rug, if you can.
• COOL off as soon as possible with water for first
  and second degree burns.

63
Material Safety Data Sheets

• A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is required
  under the U.S. OSHA Hazard Communication
  Standard.
• They are required as a part of any compliance
  obligation to be available and displayed
  prominently in the workplace. The public has a
  right to MSDS data upon request.
• A material safety data sheet (MSDS) is a form
  containing data regarding the properties of a
  particular substance.
• it is intended to provide workers and emergency
  personnel with procedures for handling or working
  with that substance in a safe manner, and
  includes information such as physical data
  (melting point, boiling point, flash point,
  etc.), toxicity, health effects, first aid,
  reactivity, storage, disposal, protective
  equipment, and spill-handling procedures.

64
General First Aid

• First-aid equipment must be available at all
  times. All injuries must be reported as soon as
  possible for medical attention. First aid must be
  rendered until medical attention can be provided.
• Report all dangerous situations immediately.
• If you feel faint or dizzy while welding
• Let someone know immediately. Go to a safe area
  and sit down. Drink water as soon as possible.

65
General Safety Rules

• Do not use equipment you have not been trained to
  use. Watching someone use it is not adequate
  training.
• If a part becomes caught in a machine, do not
  grab it until you have turned off the machine.
• Never throw anything unless you are sure it is
  safe to do so.
• Call out a warning prior to throwing something or
  when you drop something from a height that it
  could hit someone.