BETTY NEUMAN

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BETTY NEUMAN
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Betty Neuman

• Received RN Diploma from Peoples Hospital School
  of Nursing, Akron, Ohio in 1947
• Received BS in nursing from UCLA in 1957
• Received Masters degree in Mental Health, Public
  Health Consultation from UCLA in 1966
• Her model was first published as a 'Model for
  teaching total person approach to patient
  problems' in Nursing Research in 1972

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Nursing Theory

• Betty Neumans theory defines a total-person
  model for nursing, incorporating a holistic
  concept and an open-systems approach.
• Betty Neuman developed a multifaceted theory
  including Client/person, Health, Environment,
  Nursing.

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Client/Person Aspect of Theory

• Neuman believes that nursing is concerned with
  the whole person including these dimensions
• Physical/Physiological
• Psychological
• Socio-cultural
• Developmental
• Spiritual

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Health Aspect of Theory

• Health/wellness is "the condition in which all
  parts and subparts (variables) are in harmony
  with the whole of the client.
• Neuman proposes a wellness-illness continuum,
  with the person's position on that continuum
  being influenced by their interaction with the
  variables and the stressors they encounter.
• http//www.patheyman.com/essays/neuman/index.htm

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Environmental Aspect of Theory

• The environment is a force which surrounds a
  person and with which they interact at any given
  time that affects their wellbeing.
• Neuman also identified a created environment
  which is an environment that is created and
  developed unconsciously by the client and is
  symbolic of system wholeness.

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Nursing Aspect of Theory Involves

• The role of the nurse is seen in terms of
  degrees of reaction to stressors, and the use of
  primary, secondary and tertiary interventions.
• Primary focuses on strengthening a line of
  defense through the identification if actual or
  potential risk factors associated with stressors
• Secondary prevention strengthens internal
  defensives and resources by establishing
  priorities and treatment plans for identified
  symptoms
• Tertiary focuses on re-adaptation and strengthens
  resistance to stressors through client education
  and prevention of a recurrence of the stress
  response
• Potter and Perry. Fundamentals of Nursing

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Neuman envisions a 3-stage nursing process

• Nursing Diagnosis - based on necessity of a
  thorough assessment and with consideration given
  to five variables in three stressor areas.
• Nursing Goals - these must be discussed with the
  patient and take account of patient's and nurse's
  perceptions of variance from wellness
• Nursing Outcomes - considered in relation to the
  five variables and achieved through primary,
  secondary and tertiary interventions.

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Neuman System

• The Neuman Systems Model is used at all levels
  of nursing education from diploma through
  doctorate. The model is used in many clinical
  areas in institutional and community nursing
  practice at national and international sites.

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• Neumans model can be used today as a framework
  for nursing practice when applied to
• the client
• her health
• the environment

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The Client

• Consists of the individual, the family, friends,
  as well as the community.
• The theory states, nurses should not only view
  the individual holistically, but should also take
  the family, friends, and the community into
  consideration.

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Health

• Neuman views health as a state of equilibrium
  between a clients internal and external
  environment.
• Health, according to Neuman, is equated with
  optimum system stability, that is, the best
  possible wellness state at any given time.
• Nurses apply this theory by individualizing the
  optimum state of wellness for each client.

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Environment

• Neumans concept of environment is that of an
  internal and external environment with varying
  degrees of harmony and balance between the two.
• By recognizing the two environments, the nurse
  educates and implements treatments that are
  individualized for each patient not only for her
  psychological, spiritual, and physiological
  nature, but also for her family and social
  relationships.

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Neuman Model

• Is compatible with todays health care philosophy
  by seeing the client in a holistic manner.
• Nurses provide this care through their
  assessment, diagnosis, treatment and education,
  and evaluation.

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Does the Betty Neuman Nursing Theory describe
what nursing is, or what it ought to be?

• The Neuman Systems Model describes nursing as it
  is today. This model seems to serve as a
  blueprint for holistic nursing. By using this
  holistic point of view, a single approach is used
  to assess the needs and concerns of the patient.
  In doing so the main goal is to keep the clients
  condition stable due to environmental stressors.
• This model allows us to properly assess and treat
  patients holistically using 5 client variables.
• The 5 client variables are Physiological,
  Psychological, Developmental, Sociocultural, and
  Spiritual.
• Since nurses are the primary caregivers this
  theory provides a blueprint and describes nursing
  for what it is today. This system is very
  versatile and is used by all levels of nurses,
  from associate to doctorate nurses.