Native American History

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Native American History
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Native American History

• 1520-1820 Colonial Period
• 1803-1854 American Expansion
• 1851-1900 Reservation-Allotment
• 1900-1930s Indian New Deal
• 1950-70 Termination Relocation
• 1970-2000 Civil Rights Movement

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Stereotypes

• Feathers Headdresses
• Face Paint
• Bows, Arrows, Tipis Scalping
• Drums Songs
• Chiefs

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Native American History BC

• B.C.
• Land Bridge Theory
• Religion
• White Buffalo Woman, Lacotah
• Changing Woman, Dineh
• White Painted Woman, Indeh

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Changing Woman Dineh (Navajo) Creation within
the four sacred mountains of the universe. These
mountains are in modern day Arizona, Utah and New
Mexico which are among the spiritual borders for
the tribe. She is a significant religious figure
for the dineh in every day life.
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The Colonial Period 1520-1820

• Disease
• Conflict
• Social, Economic Political Issues
• Pan Indian Movements
• Pope 1680 New Mexico
• Black Hawk b. 1767 Great Lakes
• Tecumseh 1769-1813 Ohio River Valley

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Removal Policy

• Thomas Jefferson
• War of 1812 and Andrew Jackson
• Indian Removal Act, 101-99
• Cherokee Nation Court Cases
• Tribal Divisions and Conflict
• Old Settlers
• Choctaw Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek

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American Expansion 1803-1854

• Indian Removal Oklahoma
• 5 Southeast Tribes Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole,
  Chickasaw, Muskogee(Creek)
• Pacific Northwest Nez Perce, Modoc
• Great Plains Cheyenne, Pawnee,
• Great Lakes/East Coast Delaware, Huron
• Shawnee, Ottawa, Potawatomi, Sauk/Fox
• Southwest Apache, Tonkawa, Kickapoo

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Removal Map
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Navajo Removal 1860s
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Social Changes

• Matrilineal Societies
• Tribal Council System
• Religious significance of sacred sites

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Economic Impact

• Subsistence Economy to Dependence
• Emasculation of Men in Community
• Focus on Agriculture difficult for many
• Treaty commitments not realized
• Starvation, illness

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Political Impact

• Loss of Sovereignty and government appointed
  Chiefs
• Civil War in Oklahoma

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The Reservation System 1851-Present

• California Gold Rush Statehood
• Treaty of Ft. Laramie 1851
• The Civil War
• Social, Economic and Political Issues

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Cheyenne Reservation
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Sarah Winnemucca

• Paiute Activist
• Tribe relocated twice
• Life Among the Paiutes 1883
• Worked for reform on reservations
• Relatives imprisoned at Alcatraz for reform
  activism

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Acculturation/Assimilation Program

• 1864 Sand Creek Massacre
• Boarding School System Education, Training,
  Religious Instruction
• 1879 Carlisle Indian Industrial School
• 1883 Code of Indian Religious Offenses
• Lateral Violence Theory

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Thanksgiving Play
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The Dawes Act 1887

• The Friends of the American Indians
• Lake Mohonk Conference
• Senator Henry Dawes
• 160, 80 or 40 acres
• 25 year trust
• Citizenship

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Oklahoma Statehood

• The Curtis Act
• The Burke Act
• Oil
• Gertrude Bonnin
• The Society of American Indians
• Native American Church

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Gertrude Bonnin
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The 1928 Meriam Report

• Health Tuberculosis, Trachoma
• Living Conditions
• Economic Conditions
• Poverty
• Suffering Discontent

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Indian Citizenship Act 1924

• WW1
• Voting
• Property
• Citizenship

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The Indian New Deal

• The Indian Reorganization Act 1934
• Land Issues
• Economic development loans
• Education
• Political issues constitution
• Most tribes divided on issues

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Indian Reorganization Act

• 1935
• Montana
• Flathead
• Receive
• New
• Const.
• And Bylaws
• Sec.Int.
• Ickes

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World War II

• 1946 Indian Claims Commission
• 588 Claims, by 1963 only 122 resolved
• Ongoing process
• 25,000 joined military
• 40,000 worked in military industrial complex
• Navajo Code Talkers, August 14th

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Termination and Relocation

• 1953 House Concurrent Resolution 108
• 1954-1962 61 tribes terminated
• Relocation program
• Urban Indian issues
• Uranium Mining Navajo History
• Nuclear Testing Shoshone History
• Nuclear Waste Radioactive Rezs

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Relocation Programs
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Indian Removals 1950s

• Economic demand for water, uranium, coal and
  other natural resources on Indian land led to
  removals

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Navajo Nation Environmental Issues

• 1960s
• 252 tons
• of soot
• 445 tons
• of smog
• 1979
• 1100 tons
• of mud
• 95 million
• gallons water

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California Urban Indians1960 165,922

• Indian Non Indian
• College 2 10
• 8th grade 43 28
• 2,800 7,600
• Unemployment 25 6
• Living Conditions
• 51 Housing unsafe, 65 poor sewage
• 45 contaminated water

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Urban Indian Issues

• Friendship House Association of American Indians
• Native American Health Clinic
• American Indian Public Charter School
• American Indian Family Healing Center
• Services, Programs and Success

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The Civil Rights Movement

• American Indian Movement
• 1972 BIA Occupation
• 1973 Wounded Knee, 1969 Alcatraz
• Native American Church issues

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Civil Rights Movement

• 1968 Indian Civil Rights Act
• Indian Child Welfare Act 1978
• American Indian Religious Freedom Act 1978
• Native American Graves Protection and
  Repatriation Act 1990

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Pacific Northwest Fishing Rights

• Janet McCloud
• Tulalip Nation
• 1965 Fish Ins
• 1979 50 Boldt Decision

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Sacred Areas

• Taos
• Blue Lake
• Nixon Policy
• 48,000 acres
• Carson Ntl.
• Forest