CLS 1113 Introduction to Clinical Laboratory Practices

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CLS 1113Introduction to Clinical Laboratory
Practices

• Unit 4
• Introduction to Immunology

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Immunology

• Immunology
• Study of the molecules, cells, organs, and
  systems responsible for the recognition and
  disposal of foreign (nonself) material
• Study of the MECHANISMS that protect an
  individual from injury from
• Exogenous microorganisms bacteria, fungi,
  viruses
• Exogenous chemicals pollen, poison ivy, etc.
• Endogenous cells malignant or senescent cells
• IMMUNE RESPONSE Broad range of defense
  mechanisms including inflammation, phagocytosis,
  antibody synthesis, etc.

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Serology

• Serology the study of the non-cellular
  components of the blood (serum).
• Antibody production and reactivity
• Complement

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Natural Immunity

• Innate or Inborn immunity
• Non specific
• External Defenses
• Skin, acid in sweat, mucus membranes, cilia in
  respiratory tract, normal flora
• Internal Defenses
• Non-specific cellular responses
• Cells and soluble factors

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Acquired Immunity

• Active
• Allows the body to Recognize, Remember and
  Respond to a specific stimulus.
• Example Your Hepatitis B shots (You were give
  three doses of attenuated Hep. B virus your body
  recognized it as foreign and produced an
  anti-hepatitis B antibody.)
• Passive
• Antibody mediated immunity received from another
  source
• Example A mothers breast milk has antibody that
  the baby uses until he/she can produce their own.
  
• Example A gamma (immune) globulin shot provides
  immunity when someone travels over seas, but
  their body did nothing to develop the immunity.

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Cell Mediated vs.Humoral Immunity

• Cell Mediated Immunity
• Form of acquired immunity in which T lymphocytes
  recognize and react with a stimulus through
  direct cell-to-cell interaction of lymphokines.
• Humoral Immunity
• Form of acquired immunity in which B Lymphocytes
  and plasma cells produce specific antibodies that
  recognize and react to a stimulus.

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Cellular ImmunityResistance to disease via
cellular elements (Granulocytic) in the blood.

• Neutrophils
• Neutrophils have primary and secondary granules
  which contain a wide variety of enzymes.
• Neutrophils migrate through vessel walls
  (diapedesis) and into tissues when signaled by
  chemical messengers (chemotaxins).

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Cellular Immunity

• Eosinophils
• Red granules
• Eosinophils increase in number in an allergic
  reaction or in response to many parasitic
  infections.

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Cellular Immunity

• Basophils
• Blue, large granules containing heparin and
  histamine
• Heparin is an anticoagulant and histamine
  contracts smooth muscle

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Cellular Immunity

• Monocytes
• Monocytes only make up 4-10 of the circulating
  WBCs.
• They stay in the blood for a short period of time
  and then migrate out into the tissues and become
  known as macrophages.

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Cellular Immunity

• Macrophages
• Macrophages have specific names depending on
  their function and particular location.
• Lung macrophages are alveolar macrophages.
• Liver macrophages are Kupffer cells.
• Brain macrophages are microglial cells.
• Connective tissue macrophages are histiocytes.
  
• Monocytes/Macrophages are very important.
• They participate in phagocytosis, anti-tumor
  activity, chemical secretion, and antigen
  presentation.

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Phagocytosis

• Phagocytosis
• Greek word meaning cell-eatingThe engulfment
  of cells or foreign matter.
• Phagocytosis consists of four main steps
• Physical contact of the cell with the foreign
  agent
• Formation of a phagosome
• Fusion with cellular granules
• Digestion and release of debris to outside of cell

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Opsonin

• An opsonin (Greek word meaning prepare for
  eating) is a plasma protein that will attach to
  a foreign substance and prepare it for
  phagocytosis. Types of opsonins include
• C-reactive protein, complement, antibodies

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Inflammation

• Tissue reaction to injury caused by physical or
  chemical agents including microorganisms.
• The signs of inflammation include
• Redness and Heat
• Mast cells release histamine causing vasodilation
  increasing the blood flow to the area
• Swelling and Pain
• Increase permeability allows fluids to leak into
  the tissues

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Inflammation

• Major events associated with inflammation
  include
• Increase blood supply to the affected area
• Increased capillary permeability
• Migration of neutrophils to the affected area
• Migration of macrophages to the affected area