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Title: Informal Organizations by Muhammad Iqbal Malik


1
Informal Organizationsby Muhammad Iqbal Malik
2
About Chester Irving Barnard(1886 1961)
  • American business executive, public
    administrator, and sociological theorist who
    specialized in the nature of corporate
    organization
  • His book, Functions of the Executive (1938), was
    widely influential in sociology and business
    theory

3
About Chester Irving Barnard(1886 1961)
  • An employee of the ATT (1909)
  • Became president of an ATT subsidiary in 1927
  • During the Great Depression, directed the New
    Jersey state relief system
  • Served as president of the United Service
    Organizations (1942 to 1945)
  • Also served as chairman of the National Science
    Foundation (195254).

4
Preface
  • A society is structured by formal organizations,
    formal organizations are vitalized and
    conditioned by informal organizations. If one
    fails the other disintegrates
  • (Chester I. Barnard)

5
Informal Organizations
  • The aggregate of the personal contacts and
    interactions and the associated groupings of
    people
  • (Chester I. Barnard)

6
Informal Organizations
  • The system of relationships and lines of
    authority that develops spontaneously as
    employees meet and form power centers that is,
    the human side of the organization that does not
    appear on any organization chart
  • Understanding Business, 6/e, (William G. Nickels
    )

7
Basic Characteristics
  • Involves two or more people
  • Informal relationships, groupings interactions
  • Repeated contacts but without any conscious joint
    purpose
  • Involves the human need to socialize
  • Includes both friendly and hostile relationships
    and interactions

8
Basic Characteristics
  • Informal association precedes formal
    organization, as it requires preliminary
    (informal) contact and interaction before
    establishment

9
Scope of Informal Organizations
  • Informal organizations exist within
  • Organization
  • Community
  • State or
  • Everywhere

10
Effects and Consequences
  • Affects knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and
    behaviour, which may spread across the entire
    organization with a chain reaction
  • Forms habits, norms, customs institutions
  • Creates conditions that may lead to the
    establishment of a formal organization (e.g.
    families, societies, clubs, company etc.)

11
Effects and Consequences
  • Formal and informal practices often diverge (e.g.
    failure of a policy or procedure due to
    nonacceptance by the people)
  • Informal groups also act as window to formal
    organizations (all organizational contacts are
    based on few individual interactions)

12
Effects and Consequences
  • Informal organization persists and expands with
    formal organization through continuity of
    interactions
  • Repeated interactions imply common (unconscious)
    purposes such as social, professional
    (unofficial), material
  • Lasting interactions are fundamentally based on
    human need for action.

13
Effects and Consequences
  • Such personal relationships are often more
    intense and significant than institutional
    (individual vs. org. loyalty)
  • Purposive cooperation a means of individual (or
    social) development
  • All these purposes are indirectly fulfilled
    through formal organizations
  • Thus formal organizations serve societal
    cohesiveness and social integration

14
Creation of Informal by Formal Organizations
  • Formal systems of cooperation are inherently
    informal in nature
  • Formal activities involve people and result in
    informal association through continuous
    interactions
  • Formal organizations provide individuals the
    means to fulfill social and individual needs
    through social interaction

15
Creation of Informal by Formal Organizations
  • All organizations host informal organizations

16
Functions of Informal in Formal Organizations
  • Communication (which is largely informal)
  • Creates cohesiveness and integration
  • Facilitates in creating social conditions that
    encourage willingness to work, by adding social
    motives
  • Creates a feeling of independence as informal
    interactions are not governed by formal rules and
    authority

17
Functions of Informal in Formal Organizations
  • Protects individual personality and character
    against negative (or corrupt) organizational
    influences
  • Informal organizations play a significant role in
    the development of an organizational culture,
    that is the aggregate of the values, norms and
    attitudes of its people

18
Conceptual Application and Related Themes
  • A public administrator should understand and
    harness the social forces in the organization to
    the advantage of the system
  • To shape and guide values in the system,
    utilizing informal organizational concepts
  • Can fight against corrupt practices by
    encouraging developing positive informal
    organizations

19
Conceptual Application and Related Themes
  • Human Relations Movement focus on human and
    group dynamics
  • Trend towards organic vs. bureaucratic systems
  • Organizing around values that drive people,
    rather than purely economic objectives
  • Maslows hierarchy of needs - Social

20
Conceptual Application and Related Themes
  • Systems theory recognizing the influence of
    components on each other, on the system and vice
    versa
  • Reinforced by research in social-psychology and
    sociology
  • Recognition in modern organizational theory, of
    the relatively informal roles of champions and
    agents for change for significant organizational
    purposes

21
Examples
  • Six senior most supreme court judges refused to
    take oath under LFO. All were sacked. The
    informal organization protected their individual
    morality from the corrupt influences of the
    formal system

22
Examples
  • Organizational workers in Australia as a protest
    vowed to strictly go by the book, paralysing
    business activity signifies the role of
    informal behaviour for organizational well being,
    even in routine formal matters.
  • Informal cooperation in govt. institutions among
    corrupt public servants, protecting both
    individual and group interests

23
Examples
  • The institution of prophethood, initially emerges
    as an informal organization within a social
    structure. After substantial growth, the
    institution becomes complex, and thus becomes
    formalized, thereby creating several other formal
    organizations and institutions - e.g. mosque,
    madrissa, shariah, fiqha, salat, zakat etc.

24
References
  • Informal Organizations and Their Relation to
    Formal Organizations, Chester I. Barnard
  • In Search of Excellence, Tom J. Peters
  • Understanding Business, 6/e, (William G. Nickels
    )
  • Encyclopædia Britannica
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