GOALS:

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Papers Case Study of Coral Reef Management in SE
Asia
The Apo Scenario, in The Enchanted Braid Osha
Gray Davidson Optional Reading
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• PHILIPPINE CORAL REEFS 
• Ecological Catastrophe Problem
• 4.3 or 1,161 sq. km. of the Philippines
  sprawling 27,000 sq. km. of coral reefs are in
  good condition today.
• 25,839 sq. km. or 95.7 of Philippine coral
  reefs are in a very bad state.

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• Causes of Destruction
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• Destructive fishing methods
• Cyanide fishing
• Muro-Ami (drive-in technique) destroys large
  sections of coral reefs because the weights used
  to keep the scare lines vertical end up
  breaking corals.

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4. Trawling 5. Malthusian overfishing Occurs
when poor fishermen faced with declining catches
and lacking any other alternative, initiate
wholesale resource destruction in their effort to
maintain their incomes. Examples include
blasting and cyanide fishing. 6. Other forms of
destruction pollution, sedimentation, typhoons,
global warming, collection and dredging.
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Failed methods

• Marine Protected Areas have biological successes
  but ignore social complexities this prevents
  long term success in improving coral reefs.
• Comparative analysis was taken in 4 MPAs in
  Southeast Asia San Salvador Island, Twin Rocks,
  Balicasag Island, and Bunaken National Park.

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• All locations experienced biological success more
  consistently than social success. The initially
  successful management process deteriorated over
  time due to the lack of consistent and long term
  support of governmental agencies and NGOs that
  initially implemented coral reef restoration
  programs.

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• Bunaken National Park The management and
  enforcement did not take into consideration the
  interests of many local fishing communities.
• Island communities which were initially unified
  behind the MPA are now divided.

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What Long-term Successes Exist?

• APO ISLAND (Biological Social) a ray of hope
  in an otherwise bleak situation, Davidson, pg
  155.
• SAN SALVADOR (Biological only)
• TWIN ROCKS (Biological only)
• BALICASAG ISLAND (Biological only)
• BUNAKEN NATIONAL PARK (Biological only)

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Philippine Islands
Apo Island
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Apo Island
Apo Island is a small volcanic hump rising five
miles off the southern tip of the larger island
Negros. The island has an unique protected reef
reserve began as a project of Silliaman
University in 1985.
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Apo Island
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Apo Island
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GOALS

• Increase Biodiversity
• protect reefs native species diversity
• Increase Fisheries
• large size fish population s
• Increase Local Job Opportunities
• jobs other than fishing
• education of public/ tourists
• community support of protected areas

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Biological GOALS Davidson sponges the size of
this desk (6x3)
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GOAL Increase Biodiversity protect reefs
native species diversity Palawan Starfish
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Apo Island Marine sanctuary and house reef are
known for the enormous variety of hard- and soft
corals.
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Table coral Apo island
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Turtle Apo Island
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Whale shark Apo Island
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• GOAL
• Increase Fisheries
• large size fish populations

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Apo Island
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Butterfish Apo Island
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Clownfish-City, Apo Island
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Apo Island
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Why did Apo Island work?

• Small size of island reef (lt200 acres)
• Small local fishing community (couple hundred
  people)
• No sediment, nutrient loading, pollution issues

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What Alternatives Exist?

• Local (poor?) fishermen need food and income at
  a sustaining level
• Trawlers (richer?) pay debts on boat, pay
  workers, provide profit

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Proposed Solutions

• Broaden Stakeholder involvement to include all
  stakeholders and not marginalize the poor
  fishers.
• Sharing of Economic Benefits Sharing profits
  with the local community from all activities
• Conflict Resolution Mechanisms Long-term means
  to resolve stakeholder disagreements

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Proposed Solutions
Broaden Stakeholder involvement to include all
stakeholders and not marginalize the poor fishers.
Apo Island kids
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• Proposed Solution
• Sharing of Economic Benefits
• Sharing profits with the local community from all
  activities
• View of Negros Market, Philippines

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Apo Island
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Earthwatch Eco Tours

• What about local customs?Many projects work in
  remote communities, some far off the beaten
  track.
• Earthwatch stresses the need for responsible
  behavior and common courtesy when traveling in
  these areas.
• Learn to respect local customs. Involvement in
  other cultures is one of the privileges of
  joining an Earthwatch expedition.

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Philippine Eco- tourism
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Proposed Solution
Conflict Resolution Mechanisms Resolve
Stakeholder Disagreements Long-Term
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Proposed Solutions

• Davidson Get scientists policy makers alike
  to wake up to the complex realities involved in
  tackling the life-and-death issue of Malthusian
  over fishing
• Davidson Scientists managers must break out
  of their narrow boxes grasp the basic
  principles .. Outside the hard sciences.
• Davidson (The) widespread problem of science
  illiteracy among the public..
• Davidson massive changes in politics
  economics. Coral reef people alone cant do
  this.

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How Can We (as Students, Consumers) Help?

• Write letters to Governments, NGOs, other?
• Volunteer Peace corps, NGOs, other?
• Buy Fair- trade/ organic products
• Boycott certain products?

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How can long-term success be assured to allow
governments NGOs to leave (so to invest help
elsewhere) ?

• Unless the fisher folk are empowered in the
  truest sense and given alternative livelihoods,
  then the remaining resources will not be
  preserved and sustained. (Sotto in Davidson, pg
  156).

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APO ISLAND

• After years of Muro-ami, cyanide and blast
  fishing, with destruction of reefs declining
  fish catches
• 1982 Marine reserve established (8 of reef)
• 1982 85 No changes (Enforcement issues?)
• 1985 86 Minor increases in reserve s
  diversity
• 1988 3.5 times increase in reserve pop s
• 1993 8 times increases in reserve pop s
• 1991-93 SPILLOVER ? Increased s outside of
  reserve
• All 21 fishermen surveyed reports catches 2X that
  of 85

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