GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE: PHYSICAL CAUSES: POTENTIAL DIRE CONSEQUENCES: COPING MEASURES:PREVENTIONMITIG

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GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE PHYSICAL
CAUSESPOTENTIAL DIRE CONSEQUENCESCOPING
MEASURESPREVENTION-MITIGATION- ADAPTATION-
MONITORING
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
• BEGINS WHEN THE NATURAL SOLAR INPUT AND
  BENEFICIAL GREENHOUSE EFFECT
• ARE EXACERBATED BY GREENHOUSE GASES
• THAT CAUSE POSITIVE FEEDBACK WITH THE POTENTIAL
  FOR CAUSING
• A DOMINO EFFECT
• OF LONG-TERM DIRE CONSEQUENCES,
• UNLESS
• COPING MEASURES ARE IMPLEMENTED IN A TIMELY
  MANNER

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GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• Physical Causes

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GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE LITHOSPHERE-HYDROSPHERE-ATM
OSPHERE-BIOSPHERE INTERACTIONS
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PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS OCCUR ON MANY SCALES

• Propagation, reflection, and refraction of
  incoming visible light and EM waves from the sun
  (the solar input)
• Absorption and storage of visible light (causing
  the natural greenhouse effect).

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PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS OCCUR ON MANY SCALES

• Absorption of long wave length re-radiated heat
  by greenhouse gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide,
  methane, and nitrous oxide) in the atmosphere
  (which exacerbates the natural greenhouse
  effect)

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PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS OCCUR ON MANY SCALES

• Positive feedback between the atmosphere and
  hydrosphere, which can cause a long-term, global
  Domino Effect of dire consequences such as
  global warming, global climate change, sea level
  rise, uncertain quality and quantity of water,
  severe storms, desertification, and drought.

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PLANET EARTHS AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF 57.9
DEGREES F IS CAUSED BY THE GREEHHOUSE EFFECT
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THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
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THE SOLAR SPECTRUM

• THE SOLAR SPECTRUM INCLUDES A) VISIBLE LIGHT
  (ROYGBIV), B) ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT (SHORTER WAVE
  LENGTHS), AND C) INFRARED LIGHT (LONGER WAVE
  LENGTHS).

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THE GREENHOUSE GASES (WATER VAPOR, CARBON
DIOXIDE, METHANE, NITROUS OXIDE) IN EARTHS
ATMOSPHERE ARE TRANSPARENT TO VISIBLE LIGHT, BUT
NOT TO INFRARED RADIATION RE-RADIATED FROM A
WARMED EARTH.
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THE PROBLEM IS THE POSITIVE FEEDBACK THAT THE
ADDITION OF JUST A LITTLE CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE
ATMOSPHERE CAUSES. THE DOMINOE EFFECT IT STARTS
CAN LEAD TO IRREVERSIBLE GLOBAL WARMING AND
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE OVER TIME.
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THE CARBON CYCLE
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NATURE ADDS 200 BILLION TONS OF CARBON DIOXIDE
ANNUALLY TO THE ATMOSPHERE
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A PARADIGM SHIFT HAS OCCURRED

• GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE WAS DISCUSSED IN A
  HYPOTHETICAL WAY FOR MANY YEARS.
• IT WAS CONSIDERED ACADEMICALLY INTERESTING AND A
  LOW-PROBABULITY RISK FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS.

• NOW, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND GLOBAL WARMING ARE
  BEING REGARDED AS CLEAR FACTS.
• BOTH IMPLY SERIOUS, DIRE CONSEQUENCES FOR
  PRESENT AND FUTURE GENERATIONS.

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GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• Dire Consequences

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POSITIVE FEEDBACK BETWEEN THE ATMOSPHERE AND
HYDROSPHERE CAN CAUSE A DOMINO EFFECT OF DIRE
CONSEQUENCES

• GLOBAL WARMING IS NOW UNEQUIVOCAL
• AND MANY LOCATIONS ARE NOW AT HIGH RISK FOR DIRE
  CONSEQUENCES AS THE RESULT OF CLIMATE CHANGING
  AND SEA LEVEL RISING

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GLOBAL WARMING IS UNEQUIVOCAL
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THE AVERAGE GLOBAL TEMPERATURE HAS RISEN 1.7
DEGREES F IN PAST 150 YEARS
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DIRE CONSEQUENCES

• Global warming, worldwide rise in sea level, and
  global climate change.
• Collapse of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation
  (The Atlantic Conveyor Belt).
• Increase in number of severe windstorms.
• Larger storm surges in seasonal hurricanes and
  typhoons.
• Prolonged droughts in some regions and heavy
  precipitation in others.

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RISE IN SEA LEVEL
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KANAI FJORD, ALASKA
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SOUTH GEORGIA ISLAND
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WENGEN, SWITZERLAND
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GREENLAND
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NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, CANADA
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MT KILIMANJARO, TANZANIA
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GREAT BARRIER REEF, AUSTRALIA
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FUNAFUTI,TUVALU
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HALONG BAY, VIETNAM
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VENICE, ITALY
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MANHATTAN ISLAND, NEW YORK CITY
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TOKYO, JAPAN
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THE NETHERLANDS
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DALIAN, CHINA
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COLORADO RIVER BASIN, WESTERN USA
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THE EVERGLADES, FLORIDA
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GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• COPING MEASURES PREVENTION-MITIGATION-ADAPTATION-
  MONITORING

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LOCAL REGIONAL SCALES
DATA BASES AND INFORMATION
HAZARDS GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN
UP AFTERSHOCKS
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THE TIPPING SCENARIO ISSUE OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
CHANGE

• The issue is
• Within a few decades, will humans be able to
  slow, much less reverse, the dire consequences
  and future risks associated with global climate
  change?

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PREVENTION, MITIGATION, AND ADAPTATION

• PREVENTION MITIGATION MEASURES FOCUS ON
  UNSCRAMBLING THE EGG, THE HARDEST PART OF THE
  PROBLEM.
• THEY FOCUS ON MEASURES THAT WILL SHUT DOWN OR
  REDUCE CO2 EMMISSIONS, OR REDUCE THEIR
  POSITIVE FEEDBACK.

• ADAPTATION MEASURES ADDRESS AN EATING THE EGG
  SCENARIO, AN EDUCATED GUESS ABOUT THE FUTURE.
• THEY FOCUS ON MEASURES THAT WILL PROVIDE A
  REALISTIC MARGIN OF SAFETY IN TERMS OF THE DIRE
  CONSEQUENCES OF THE SCENARIO.

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MONITORING PROVIDES REAL- AND NEAR REAL-TIME
CONFIRMATION
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WHAT DO WE KNOW?

• SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS INDICATE THAT THE
  TROPO-SPHERE IS WARMING FASTER THAN THE EARTHS
  SURFACE.
• NOTE THIS INDICATES THAT GREENHOUSE GASES IN
  THE ATMOSPHERE ARE ABSORBING HEAT AND STARTING A
  POSITIVE FEEDBACK PROCESS.

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PREVENTION MITIGATION

• PREVENTION MEASURES ARE REQUIRED TO CONTROL THE
  SOURCE OF THE CARBON FOOTPRINT OF CITIES,
  INDUSTRIES, AND ACTIONS OF PEOPLE.
• MITIGATION MEASURES ARE REQUIRED TO REDUCE THE
  EFFECTS OF THE POSITIVE FEEDBACK THAT HAPPENS
  WHEN EXCESS CARBON DIOXIDE IS EMMITTED INTO THE
  ATMOSPHERE.

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MITIGATION ADAPTATION

• ADAPTATION MEASURES ARE REQUIRED BECAUSE THE
  MOMENTUM OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE CAN NOT BE
  TURNED OFF OR REDUCED VERY MUCH IN A SHORT TIME.
• CARBON DIOXIDE CONTINUES WARMING THE ATMOSPHERE
  FOR DECADES, WHILE SIMULTANEOUSLY WARMING OCEANS
• THE OCEAN STORES HEAT FOR CENTURIES, TRANSPORTS
  IT, AND CHANGES CLIMATE OVER BROAD AREAS.

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ADAPTATION

• MANY COUNTRIES ARE MAKING LARGE INVESTMENTS IN
  ADAPTATION MEASURES NOW.
• LEADERS ARE RECOGNIIZING THAT THE RISKS FOR
  PEOPLE, BUSINESSES, AND COMMUNITIES LIVING IN OR
  LOCATED IN COASTAL AREAS AND FLOODPLAINS WILL
  INCREASE.

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REALISTIC ADAPTATION IS KEYED TO SCENARIO EVENTS
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THE NETHERLANDS MITIGATION ADAPTATION

• AFTER 800 YEARS EXPERIENCE BATTLING THE NORTH
  SEA, THE NETHERLANDS HAS CREATED SOME OF THE
  STRONGEST FLOOD DEFENSES IN THE WORLD.
• PRESENT RIVER DEFENSES PROVIDE 1-IN -250
  YEARS PROTECTION LEVELS.

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THE NETHERLANDS MITIGATION ADAPTATION

• THE OOESTERSCHELDEKERING, A PART OF THE DELTA
  WORKS DAMS, DEFENDS AGAINST THE NORTH SEA.
• THEY ARE NOW BEING MADE STRONGER TO PROVIDE
  1-IN-100,000 YEARS PROTECTION INSTEAD OF
  1-IN-10,000 YEARS PROTECTION.

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THE NETHERLANDS MITIGATION ADAPTATION

• THE DUTCH ARE ALSO REVISING TRADITIONAL FLOOD
  MANAGEMENT THINKING.
• IN ADDITION TO CONTAINING THE FLOOD WATERS, THEY
  WILL ALLOW CERTAIN DESIGNATED LOCATIONS TO BE
  FLOODED.
• THIS TRATEGY IS CALLED, LIVING WITH WATER.

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THE OOESTERSCHELDEKERING THE NETHERLANDS
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THE NETHERLANDS MITIGATION ADAPTATION

• THE NETHERLANDS WILL COMMIT ABOUT 1.3 BILLION
  ANNUALLY TO INCREASE PROTECTION LEVELS.
• THIS INVESTMENT IS EQUAL TO ABOUT 0.2 PERCENT OF
  THE NETHERLANDS GDP.

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BRITAIN MITIGATION ADAPTATION

• THE BRITISH ARE IMPROVING AND EXTENDING THE
  THAMES BARRIER, A SET OF FLOODGATES ACROSS THE
  THAMES RIVER.
• THE BARRIER IS NOW BEING CLOSED 10 TIMES A YEAR
  TO PROVIDE 1-IN-2,000 YEARS PROTECTION
  OF LONDON FROM FLOODING CAUSED BY OCEAN STORM
  SURGES.

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THAMES RIVER BARRIER LONDON, ENGLAND
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THAMES RIVER BARRIER
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BRITAINMITIGATION ADAPTATION

• THE PREDICTED RISE IN SEA LEVEL BY 2030 IS
  EXPECTED TO REQUIRE AN INCREASE IN PROTECTION
  ALONG THE THAMES TO 1-IN-1,000 YEARS.
• THE ENTIRE SYSTEM WILL LIKELY BE REPLACED AND
  UPGRADED BY 2100.

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JAPANMITIGATION ADAPTATION

• JAPAN IS ANTICIPATING MUCH MORE WATER FROM
  RISING SEA LEVEL, STORM SURGES AND PRECIPITATION
  FROM TYPHOONS, AND TSUNAMI WAVE RUN UP.
• ITS G-CANS PROJECT HAS CREATED MASSIVE
  UNDERGROUND CONCRETE RIVER CHANNELS IN NORTHWEST
  TOKYO THAT FACILITATES MOVEMENT OF EXCESS WATER
  AWAY FROM TOKYO.

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JAPAN G-CANS PROJECT
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JAPANMITIGATION ADAPTATION

• JAPAN HAS INSTALLED UNDERGROUND PUMPS THAT CAN
  PUMP 100 TONS OF WATER PER SECOND OUT OF RIVERS
  AND BACK INTO THE HARBOR TO PREVENT FLOODING OF
  CTY STREETS.
• BUT, THIS SYSTEM IS ALREADY CONSIDERED TO BE
  OPERATING AT FULL CAPACITY NOW.

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BANGLADESHMITIGATION ADAPTATION
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BANGLADESHMITIGATION ADAPTATION

• BANGLADESH, ONE OF THE MOST VULNERABLE PLACES ON
  EARTH TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE, NOW REQUIRES USE
  OF CLIMATE CHANGE MODELS IN ALL FUTURE PLANNING
  AND DECISIONS.
• IT HAS BEGUN SWITCHING LAND USE FROM RICE FARMING
  TO PRAWN FARMING IN LOCATIONS WHRE SALT WATER IN
  THE BAY OF BENGAL IS NOW MOVING INLAND.

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BANGLADESHMITIGATION ADAPTATION

• BUT BANGLADESH, ONE OF THE POOREST COUNTRIES IN
  THE WORLD, CAN NOT AFFORD THE INVESTMENTS
  REQUIRED FOR THE KINDS OF ADAPTATION MEASURES NOW
  UNDERWAY IN INDUSTRALIZED COUNTRIES.
• INTERNATIONAL AID IS SLOW IN BECOMING AVAILABLE.

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UNITED STATESMITIGATION ADAPTATION

• ADAPTATION IS NOW ON THE AMERICAN AGENDA BECAUSE
  OF HURRICANE KATRINA AND ITS IMPACT ON NEW
  ORLEANS AND THE GULF COAST.
• NEW ORLEANS HAS BECOME A LABORATORY FOR SCIENCE,
  TECHNOLOGY, HAZARD INSURANCE, AND PUBLIC POLICY.

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NEW ORLEANSMITIGATION ADAPTATION
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NEW ORLEANS LEVEE SYSTEM
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NEW ORLEANSMITIGATION ADAPTATION

• NEW ORLEANS LEVEE SYSTEM ONLY PROVIDES 1-IN-100
  YEARS PROTECT-ION NOW.
• 122 LEVEES IN THE SYSTEM ARE NOW CONSIDERED TO BE
  INADEQUATE FOR THE STORM SURGES AND PRECIPITATION
  EXPECTED IN FUTURE HURRICANES.

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RETROFIT OF NEW ORLEANS LEVEE SYSTEM
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NEW ORLEANS NEW ADAPTATION MEASURE

• DEFENSE IN DEPTH, A THREE-LAYERED SYSTEM, HAS
  BEEN DEVISED TO PROTECT NEW ORLEANS.
• THE INNER LAYER CONSISTS OF HARDENED LEVEES AND
  FLOOD WALLS.
• THE MIDDLE LAYER IS COMPRISED OF A LARGE EXPANSE
  OF WETLANDS.
• THE OUTER LAYER CONSISTS OF BARRIER ISLANDS IN
  THE GULF OF MEXICO.
• EACH LAYER ACTS LIKE A SPEED BUMP TO ABSORB AND
  REDUCE THE ENERGY AND ADVERSE IMPACTS OF THE
  STORM.

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THE THIRD LAYER BARRIER ISLANDS
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TECHNOLOGY BASED ACTIONS THAT FACILITATE
PREVENTION-MITIGATION-ADAPTATION-MONITORING OF
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• HIGH- AND LOW- TECHNOLOGY-BASED SOLUTIONS

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ACTIONS TO SLOW GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 1. USING ALTERN-ATIVE RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
  TO REPLACE USE OF FOSSIL FUELS

• USE OF WIND, BIOFUEL, GEOTHERMAL, SOLAR,
  HYDRO-ELECTRIC, AND NUCLEAR), IS NOW BEING
  CONSIDERED.

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WIND POWER GREAT POTENTIAL
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WIND FARMS IN USA
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ACTIONS TO CONTROL GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 2. USING BIOFUELS INSTEAD OF HYDROCARBONS(turning
  food into fuel)
• Fossil fuel use, industrial emissions, and
  deforestation are the chief causes of rising
  carbon dioxide levels.

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BIOFUELS
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ACTIONS TO CONTROL GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 3. CAPTURING THE CARBON DIOXIDE FROM COAL- FIRED
  POWER PLNTS.
• ONE-HALF THE ELECTRICITY GENERATED IN THE USA
  COMES FROM COAL, ONE OF THE DIRTIEST FOSSIL FUELS.

• CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY IS NOW GAINING WIDE
  SUPPORT.

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ACTIONS TO CONTROL GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• CARBON SEQUESTRATION (PUMPING CARBON DIOXIDE
  EMMISSIONS INTO THE GROUND AND STORING THEM,
  INSTEAD OF EMITTING THEM INTO THE ATMOSPHERE).

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ACTIONS TO CONTROL GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 4. INCREASING THE USE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY AND
  REDUCING THE USE OF FOSSIL FUELS IN BUILDINGS.
• PGE MARKETS GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN CALIFORNIA.

• ICELAND USES GEOTHERMAL ENERGY.

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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
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GEOTHERMAL PLANT ICELAND
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ACTIONS TO SLOW GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 5. PLANTING CARBON SINKS (R.G., A BAMBOO
  FOREST).
• BAMBOO GROWS SO RAPIDLY THAT IT ABSORBS MUCH MORE
  CARBON DIOXIDE THAN IT EMITS.

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ACTIONS TO SLOW GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 6. REARRANGE THE HEAVENS AND THE EARTH (i.e.,
  todays science fiction that is being created in
  the framework of geoengineering.)
• The Magellan telescope is one example.)

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ACTIONS TO SLOW GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 7. IMPLEMENTING BLUEPRINTS TO TRANSFORM
  NON-GREEN HOUSES INTO GREEN HOUSES

• (I.E., CHANGE THE HOUSES CARBON FOOTPRINT)

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A GREEN COMMUNITY
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ACTIONS TO SLOW GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 8. BUILDING TALLER AND GREENER BUILDINGS FOR
  BUSINESS- AND GOVERNMENT- USE (for example, Bank
  of America Tower in New York City).

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ACTIONS TO SLOW GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• THE BANK OF AMERICA TOWER IN NEW YORK CITY IS
  A 1 BILLION PROJECT THAT OPENED IN 2008.
• IT IS A HIGH-TECH MODEL FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY.

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ACTIONS TO SLOW GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 9. LIGHT UP YOUR CITY WITH LIGHT EMITTING DIODES
  (LEDs) INSTEAD OF THE OLD HIGH-PRESSURE SODIUM
  BULBS THAT EMIT MORE CARBON DIOXIDE.

• 10. ENACT A HIGH CARBON TAX A SET TAX RATE ON
  THE CONSUMPTION OF CARBON PRODUCING FUEL IN ANY
  FORM.

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ACTIONS TO SLOW GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 11. INCREASING THE GREENNESS OF YOUR HOUSE WHILE
  DECREASING ITS SIZE.

• 12. DOING LAUNDRY (i.e., washing and drying) MORE
  EFFICIENTLY.

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ACTIONS TO SLOW GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 13. TURN OFF THE LIGHTS AT QUITTING TIME.

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ACTIONS TO SLOW GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 14. ASSISTING EMPLOYEES TO PARTICIPATE IN
  PROXIMATE COMMUTING (i.e., living close to
  work)

• 15. IMPROVING THE WALK, AND THE BIKE, CAR, BUS,
  AND TRAIN RIDE FOR COMMUTERS.

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ACTIONS TO SLOW GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 16. MOVING TO THE CITY AND LIVING IN A GREEN
  HIGH-RISE BUILDING

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ACTIONS TO SLOW GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 17. PAYING YOUR BILLS ONLINE.

• 18. REDUCING CARBON DIOIDE EMISSIONS FROM YOUR
  HOME BY THE OPENING AND CLOSING OF FILM-COVERED
  AND INSULATED WINDOW SYSTEMS.

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ACTIONS TO SLOW GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 19. HIRING AN ENERGY EXPERT TO CONDUCT AN ENERGY
  AUDIT ON YOUR HOME.

• 20. BUYING GREEN POWER (I.E., WIND, SOLAR,
  HYDROELECTRIC, NUCLEAR, AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
  SOURCES) WHENEVER POSSIBLE.

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ACTIONS TO SLOW GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 20. CHECKING THE GREEN STAR LABEL ON OVENS,
  REFRIGERATORS, HOTELS, ETC.

• 21. WRAPPING YOUR WATER HEATER (OR BUYING A
  GREENER ONE).

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ACTIONS TO SLOW GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 22. REDUCING THE PRODUCTION OF NITROUS OXIDE AND
  METHANE.

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ACTIONS TO SLOW GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 23. FOLLOW THE LEADER (e.g., California) TO
  ACHIEVE A CONCERTED, COORDINATED, LEVERAGED,
  GLOBAL EFFORT.

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ACTIONS TO SLOW GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 24. KEEPING PLASTIC BAGS OUT OF LANDFILLS.
• POLYETYLENE BAGS CAN TALE UP TO 1,000 YEARS TO
  BIODEGRADE IN LANDFILLS THAT EMIT GREENHOUSE
  GASES.

• 25. REDUCING YOUR PETROLEUM MILES BY BUYING
  PRODUCE FROM YOUR LOCAL FARMER.

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ACTIONS TO SLOW GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 26. REDUCING THE TIME THAT AIRPLANES ARE IN THE
  AIR (e.g., single skies, continuous descents,
  straight landing paths, and straight take off
  paths.)

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ACTIONS TO SLOW GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 27. THINKING AND ACTING GREEN IN THE FRAME-WORK
  OF THE 2005 ENERGY POLICY ACT (or its
  equivalent).

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ACTIONS TO SLOW GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 28. SETTING THE OFFICE THERMOSTAT HIGHER (e.g.,
  80 degrees F) IN THE SUMMER AND LOWER (e.g., 68
  degrees F) IN THE WINTER.

• 29. TURNING OFF SCREEN SAVERS AND COMPUTERS.

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ACTIONS TO SLOW GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 30. KILLING FEWER TREES (i.e., an estimated 900
  million per year now) AND MOVING TOWARDS A
  PAPERLESS SOCIETY.

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ACTIONS TO SLOW GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 32. DEVELOPING ZERO-CARBON HOUSING
• LONDON IS LEADING IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF
  LONG-RANGE PLANS THAT COULD EVENTUALLY CREATE
  200,000 ZERO-CARBON HOUSES PER YEAR.

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ACTIONS TO SLOW GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 33. BEING MORE AGGRESSIVE ABOUT PASSIVE ENERGY
  (e.g., adding extra insulation and
  state-of-the-art ventilation)

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ACTIONS TO SLOW GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

• 34. CHANGING FROM STANDARD LIGHT BULBS TO COMPACT
  FLUORESCENT BULBS (CFBs).

• EVERY LITTLE BIT HELPS TO REDUCE THE HOUSES
  CARBON FOOTPRINT.