Accessibility Through Integrated Transport

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Accessibility ThroughIntegrated Transport
Urbanism

• The peripherys accessibility penalty

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Barrios Poor, Informal Housing Settlements
Metro Service Area
Greater Mexico City
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Equity

• Non-integrated fares services Transport can
  consume
• Mexico City up to 25 of daily earnings
• Nairobi 14-30 of income
• Delhi 20-25 of income
• Inaccessibility shrinks job search area
  information net
• When 700,000 squatters resettled on periphery of
  Delhi, female employment fell 27 travel time
  increased 3-fold
• City squatters/pavement-dwellers low-cost
  housing transport

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Shanghai Travel Trends
of All Trips by
Source Comprehensive Transportation Planning
Institute, Shanghai, 1995
Shift to less space efficient transport road
space needed for a car can accommodate 4-5
bicycles 8-10 pedestrians 15-20 transit riders
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JakartaAccessibility IndexMetric of Cumulative
Opportunities

• AIi Sij Jobsj Dij-.5

Jobsj Low-skilled jobs in zone j
Dij Network distance (kilometers)
between centroids of zone i and j
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Job Access in Jakarta

• Peripheral residents (Cinere, Cipita) have ¼
  accessibility to low-skilled jobs as central-city
  residents

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Road Based Policies Jakarta

• DKI Jakarta 1990-1998, directed 88 of urban
  transport budget to roads even though only 12
  of population has access to a private car
• Tolls Loans, denominated on foreign currencies
  collapse of rupiah

• Mobility Planning (movement of the well-off)
  vs. Accessibility Planning (managing land use to
  reduce car dependence equity based)

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Land Use Management

• Density VKT elasticities (0.4-0.7 in Europe
  0.15-0.3 in U.S. Developing World?)

• Mixed Uses/Jobs-Housing Balance
• Lower, though not inconsequential,
  elasticities (Developing World?)
• Curitiba vs. Brasilia

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Transport Performance

• of work trips by car (1992-94)
• Brasília 48
• Curitiba 31
• Curitibas VKT/capita 1/3 less
• Curitiba best air quality of Brazilian cities gt
  1 million population

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Accessibility, Mobility, and Urbanism Fortalezas
Waterfront Restoration
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Hotels
MFC
Retail
Hotels
Retail

• Managing Traffic Through Mixed-use Development
• Balanced Growth Balanced traffic flows
• Trip Internalization NMT
• Regional Access/Circulation Metro/LRT/Vans/Motor
  Taxi

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Tramway 3 loops central transfer point
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The Accessible City Rationalizing Public
Transport Policy
Access via Public Transport Metros Mobility
for the professional class? Little evidence
enhances access for the poor Crowds out
funding for paratransit?
Informal Transport/Paratransit Gap Fillers
Provide all-day/all-place access
Micro-industry employment
Manila
Bangkok
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OJEK

• Accessibility Valuation motorcycle taxi
• operator working 6 hour days in city makes
• gt 4 times as much as suburban pedicab
• operator laboring 16 hours/day

BECAK
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Research Needs

• What transport policies investments most
  enhance accessibility for the poor?
• Income transfer effects of metros, BRT,
  paratransit
• Equity implications of regulations concessions
• Value-added of land-use management in enhancing
  access for the poor
• Mixed-use development
• Transit-supportive development
• Jobs-housing balance
• Rationalize public transport policies
• Institutions competition
• Informal Transport acceptance, recognition,
  regulation, prohibition