China

1
China

• Paper 1
• Paper 2 Topic 1 3
• Paper 3

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(No Transcript)
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Historical Context

• Boxer Rebellion
• Peasant uprising in 1900 in China that attempted
  to drive all foreigners from the country
• 1911-1912 the Manchu Dynasty fell
• Chinese Revolution
• Xinhai Revolution
• Sun Yat Sen (pictured above)
• Yuan Shikai 1912-1916 (pictured right)
• Began early republic
• Named president but ruled as a dictator

http//www.answers.com/topic/timeline-of-chinese-h
istory
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Historical Context

• Impact on China during WWI and Versailles
• China was ignored with their request for islands
  and ports (they were instead given to Japan)
• They left the Versailles Treaty
• May 4th Movement 1919
• Protest by Beijing's students against the
  Versailles Peace Conference's decision to
  transfer former German concessions in China to
  Japan
• Communist Party of China formed in 1921
• Chiang Kai-shek (left)
• Leader of The Republic of China 1949-1975
• Establishment of the republican military
• Guomindang (GMD) or Kuomintang

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Historical Context

• Mao Tse Tung
• Member of small group of intellectuals and
  wealthy peasants
• Civil War 1945-1949
• The CCP wins that war
• Civil Strife Period
• White Terror
• Northern Expedition (next page)
• August Harvest Rising
• Jiangx soviet
• Lilsan San Line
• Futisan incident

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• Northern Expedition
• Campaign of the Chinese Nationalist army (then
  allied with the communists) that advanced north
  from Guangzhou (Canton) to the Yangtze River
  (Chang Jiang) battling warlord forces

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Japanese History 1931-1945

• Japanese occupied large areas of China during
  1931 to 1945
• Japanese Occupation Era
• Began with the Manchurian incident
• Key events after Manchurian incident were
• Long March in 1934
• Zunyi Conference 1935
• Xian incident
• Yanan Years
• Rectification Movement
• World War II

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Manchu Dynasty 1640-1911

• Qing Dynasty or Manchu Dynasty ruled from
  1640-1911
• Dynasty was considered to be a foreign rule or a
  foreign government
• Manchus are a small minority ethnicity in China
• Explains why in the 19th century when nationalism
  began to appear in China (the adherence to a
  geopolitical unit) was very much centered not
  just against the West but also against the
  Manchus
• Manchus not considered part of the region
• China a very large group of ethnicity- the Han
• Manchu, the Mongols, and the Tibets
• Shown to the right is Manchu last empress, Cixi

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Isolation before 19th century

• China was incredibly isolated before the 19th
  century
• Deliberately
• Not visited from or connected with the West
• China developed a very unique society
• Isolationism meant that China was not a culture
  based on hybridism
• Was some influence such as the Arabs that
  introduced mathematical ways to China
• Changed mathematical thinking of China

• Most of the developments from China were uniquely
  indigenous
• Inventions, philosophy, art
• Came from the people who lived in China
• Historically cultures develop through interaction
  but what is really noticeable from China is that
  it did NOT adapt many of the trends and
  tendencies in the class
• Not a great deal of cross fertilization of ideas,
  of trends, of interaction
• Notion that cultural interact and share ideas was
  highly limited in China for a long periods of time

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Isolation of China

• Whole Western enlightenment period passed China
• Ideas of nationalism, democracy, social contract
  (society built on a contract b/w the individual
  members and the government)
• Passed Chinese by
• Absent of change in Chinese history
• Things remained relatively static in economics
  and political
• Matter of choice
• Actually embedded in Chinese philosophy that
  became weaved in Confucianism
• Lack of change seen as harmony and normal

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Confucius

• Not concern with the physical world
• Concern with the practical word
• Harmony was about the relationship b/w
  individuals and groups and authority so that in
  China there is tremendous respect for authority
  (much more so then in the West)
• Also tremendous respect for the family
• Discussed social codes of conduct
• Not unlike Plato and others he discussed what it
  meant to live a good life and to be a good person
• Obeying ones superiors, being ethical and having
  ethical guidelines and behaving collectively not
  individually
• When there were natural disasters in China, these
  were seen as part as the working of natures
• The unfolding of fate
• Fatalism
• Quietism
• The acceptance of faith, obedience of authority,
  and uphold of the status quo (what is now)

http//www.sacklunch.net/biography/C/Confucius.htm
l http//www.crystalinks.com/confucius.html http/
/www.chinakongzi.com/2550/eng/biography.htm
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• All of this means is that there is complete
  obedience to the emperor system to the Chinese
  dynasty
• People accepted the hierarchy in society, and the
  positions they were given
• If they were a rude child, that was one of the
  worst things that could be exhibited
• Veneration for conformity
• Why some historians have said that the
  totalitarian regime was not so difficult to
  achieve in China
• It was the continuation of an ancient condition
• Chinese word for China is Zhangguo
• Literally translated means the middle city
• What Chinese people mean by it is the center of
  the Earth
• There is ample evidence that Chinese people see
  themselves in a very ego center manner
• Culturally superior to other cultures around them
• This is why they have been rather detached from
  the West and why we have to look at the 19th
  century closely

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The Beginning of Change

• In the 1840s the opium wars begin
• Wars were fought over the issue of China not
  wanting the British to bring more illegal
  substances into China while British forcing China
  to keep their ports open and supplying them.
• Chinese government wanted to stop the heroin
  trade
• British didnt want to stop the trade because of
  the money profit so the Chinese decide to close
  some of their ports
• British got mad about this and sent some gun
  boats to keep them open
• Battle fought and the Chinese military was shown
  to be complete incapable of battling Britain
• Boys vs. men

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• What comes out of this opium war period were the
  Unequal Treaties
• These treaties gave Britain and others (France
  and U.S.) control over the ports of China and
  very favorable trade terms
• One sided deal
• Economic piece control makes Western influence
  strong in the port zones
• Western treated Chinese very badly
• Particular difficult for the Chinese because it
  was direct result from foreign imposition
• Decided they needed to catch up
• Illustrated that until 1850-to 20th century that
  the dynasty industry wasnt able to reform
• Changes werent effectively made mainly because
  of the emperor
• Unwilling to reform and change itself from within
• Reaction of the Chinese interesting
• First reaction was this kind of disbelieve and
  hate of the West
• 2nd reaction was that Chinese should become
  concern with the West and follow it