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Emergence of River Valley Civilizations

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... River later civilizations focused on both Yangtze and Yellow River ... Chang Jiang (Yangtze), Xi Jiang (West) yellow silt &favorable climate make good farming ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Emergence of River Valley Civilizations


1
Emergence of River Valley Civilizations
2
Walk Like an EgyptianHow do civilizations
(complex societies) develop?
Environmental determinism Your culture is
shaped by the way you adapt to your
environment Technology mans attempt to
overcome his environment
3
Transition from Paleolithic to Civilization
  • The Neolithic Age had set the stage for
    civilizations by developing systematic
    agriculture, which allowed early humans to give
    up their nomadic lifestyle and stay in one place.
  • This led to the formation of farming villages,
    which gradually began to develop into more
    complex societies.
  • As their wealth increased, these societies began
    to create armies and build walled cities.
  • They built temples and started forming religions.
  • By the beginning of the Bronze Age, large numbers
    of people were concentrated in the river valleys
    of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China.
  • This would lead to a whole new pattern for human
    lifethe emergence of civilizations.

4
4 River Valley Civilizations
  • Fertile Crescent Mesopotamia
  • Tigris
  • Euphrates
  • Egyptian Civilization
  • Nile River Valley (upper and lower Nile)
  • Indus River
  • Harrapan
  • Mohen-jo Daro
  • Hwang He (
  • Yellow River later civilizations focused on both
    Yangtze and Yellow River
  • Langsho while first dynasty is Xia then Shang

5
Nile River Valley
  • Because of its geography Egypt developed to
    become a peaceful civilization with a higher
    standard of living. People as individuals were
    treated with more respect here than in other
    civilizations of the time.
  • The Nile River Valley is Surrounded on Four Sides
    by Natural Barriers
  • Red Sea to the East
  • Desert to the West
  • Mediterranean to the North
  • Mountains to the South

6
Nile River Valley has Natural Advantages
  • Frost Free Climate

7
Gifts of the Nile
  • Predictable flooding
  • Mild flooding therefore able to use river for
    irrigation
  • Prevailing winds made trade possible both north
    and south on the river
  • Rich deposits of clay, granite, sandstone
    limestone used for building
  • Silt deposits rich for farming
  • papyrus used for mats, rope, sandals, baskets,
    paper

8
Major Pharaohs of Egypt
  • Menes-
  • United upper and lower Egypt in 3100 BC
  • Ramses II
  • Defeated the Hittites and returned Egypt to
    Egyptian rule.
  • Nefertiti -
  • influential wife of Amenhotep, mother-in-law to
    Tutkanamon.
  • Amenhotep (later called Akhenaton)-
  • moved the capital and changed worship from
    polytheism to monotheism. The main god became
    Amon Ra and only the royal family could worship
    him.
  • Tutkanhamon-
  • young Pharaoh found with his tomb intact.
  • Hatshepsut
  • female Pharaoh who stabilized Egypt, built many
    new structures which provided work for many.
  • Cleopatra
  • last Pharaoh of Egypt

9
Rosetta Stone
  • We didnt know as much about Egypt until the
    mid-1800s after the Rosetta Stone was allowed us
    to decipher the hieroglyphics of Egypt
  • Napoleons officer discovered the Rosetta Stone
    (late 1700s)
  • Deciphered by Champanion in early 1800s

10
Fertile Crescent
  • Deserts and mountains surround the Fertile
    Crescent to the north but because grass grew on
    these mountains it attracted wandering tribes who
    often attacked those living in the River Valley.
  • City-states protected and isolated each group

11
Natural Boundaries Unfavorable
  • Both rivers overflow in an unpredictable manner
  • The time of year could not be predicted.
  • The magnitude of turbulence of the flooding could
    not be predicted.
  • The area is called a "crossroad" because
    everyone who traveled or traded between Europe,
    Africa, and Asia traveled through this region,
    sometimes taking what they wanted

12
Gave rise to multiple empires within the general
region that controlled different territory but
had similar culture
13
Assyria and its rivals
14
Sumerians Necessity is the mother of
inventionPlatos Republic
  • Arch ziggurats
  • developed the wagon wheel to help transport
    people and goods from place to place.
  • Wheeled vehicles play a critical role in the
    world today to continue transporting people and
    goods.
  • Sumerian achievements in mathematics and
    astronomy formed the basis for concepts we use
    today.
  • In math, they devised a number system based on
    60.
  • Geometry was used to measure fields and to erect
    buildings in much the same fashion that it is
    used for those purposes today.
  • In astronomy, the Sumerians made use of units of
    60 and charted the heavenly constellations.
  • The division of the modern hour into 60 minutes
    is a holdover from Sumerian astronomy.

15
Hammurabis CodeBabylonian
  • Stele or Stela Hammurabi
  • 282
  • Cuneiform

16
Assyrian (1st Empire)911 BCE 612 BCE
17
Early River Valley Civilizations
18
(No Transcript)
19
Name of China
  • The Chinese call their empire Chung kwo (Middle
    Kingdom), a name first applied to Ho-nan, the
    country of the Chou dynasty a Chinaman is
    designated Chung-kwo-jen or man of the Middle
    Kingdom in diplomacy China is Ta-ts'ing Kwo (the
    great empire of Ts'ing, the present dynasty) as
    it was formerly Ta Ming Kwo (the great empire of
    Ming).
  • Arab Empires called it Sin or Chin
  • In the Middle Ages, Europeans made a distinction
    between Northern (Cathay) and Southern (Manzi)
    China.
  • Called Ts'in dynasty (third century B.C.),
    reached the West by way of Burma and India.

20
Huang He
  • Himalayas, Kunlun Shan, Tian Shan
  • Gobi desert
  • Pacific Ocean to east

21
Shang China
22
Middle Kingdom
  • Himalayas, Kunlun Shan, Tian Shan
  • Gobi desert
  • Pacific Ocean to east
  • rivers
  • Hwang Hu (Yellow),
  • Chang Jiang (Yangtze),
  • Xi Jiang (West)
  • yellow silt (called loess) favorable climate
    make good farming

23
Xia 2100 BCE 1800 BCE
  • The Xia were agrarian people, with bronze weapons
    and pottery.
  • The ruling families used elaborate and dramatic
    rituals to confirm their power to govern.
  • The rulers often acted as shamans, communicating
    with spirits for help and guidance

24
Ancient Dynasties Mandate of Heaven
  • Xia (first) 2100 BCE 1800 BCE
  • Shang 1500BCE- 1100BCE
  • Zhou (longest) 1100BCE 256BCE
  • Mandate of Heaven
  • Confucianism during Axial Age (ca. 500 BCE)
  • Qin (Chin)
  • China gets its name from this dynasty

25
Mandate of Heaven
  • Zhou Dynasty
  • Family of rulers that have the approval of the
    ancestors
  • Dynastic Cycle has added element much like a
    divine monarch creates a theocracy yet as earthly
    events appear and have a negative impact then it
    is assumed that the emperor has lost the approval
    of the ancestors and they have created the
    environment

26
Are you Sleeping?
  • Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
  • Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
  • Sui, Tang, Song
  • Sui, Tang, Song
  • Yuan, Ming, Manchu
  • Yuan, Ming, Manchu
  • Mao Zedong
  • Mao Zedong

27
Confucianism and Scholarly-Gentry
  • Creates balance
  • Yin and Yang
  • Filial piety is the final link in the chain of
    continuity of the civilization

28
Shih Huang Ti
  • In 245 BC , Ying Cheng became king of the Chin
    when he was only thirteen years old. As he grew
    in age, wisdom and power, he developed the dream
    of realizing the Confucian idea of the whole of
    China under one ruler.
  • He declared himself Chin Shih Huang Ti, First
    Emperor, establishing the Rule of Emperors
    (called Huang Ti) that would last in China until
    1911 with the abdication of the last emperor, Pu
    Yi. The name China comes from the time of his
    rule, when Chin brought China from a feudal
    state into a powerful kingdom with a centralized
    government.
  • To solidify his power, Chin Shih Huang Ti build
    a mobile army of cavalry and chariots armed with
    iron swords and bows.
  • He moved the old aristocrats and feudal lords to
    the capital and demanded the surrender of their
    weapons.
  • To defend agianst the barbarian invaders from the
    north, he built the Great Wall of China (later
    expanded to become 1500 miles long and the only
    man-made object visible from space).
  • The creation of a central government was used to
    standardize weights and measures, coinage,
    roadways, legal codes and a standardized, written
    script that could be read not only by speakers of
    Chinas many regional dialects but later also by
    the Japanese, the Koreans, and the Vietnamese.
  • To finance the building a operation of this
    central government, Chin Shih Huang Ti also
    begain national taxation.
  • The adage the Power corrupts and that absolute
    power corrupts absolutly, however proved true
    and Chin became a totalitarian ruler. He
    created a system of spying through his military
    governnors and civil administrators in the
    provinces, and monopolized all basic goods.
  • In an effort to produce intellectual conformity,
    in 213B.C. he ordered the burning of books,
    especially Confucian classics. But he saved
    works of medicine, legal philosophy, and magic,
    which relected his utlitarian attitude toward
    learning, ironically balanced with his interest
    in superstition.
  • Soon he became a paranoid relcuse dodging
    assassination attempts on his life.
  • The discovery in 1974 of his has unearthed 7,000
    life size terra-cotta soldiers.

29
Shang China
30
Indus River Valley
  • Harappan
  • Mohenjo-Daro
  • subcontinent of Asia water on east and west,
    mountain ranges on north
  • Hindu Kush and Himalayas
  • southwest monsoon brings heavy rain and flooding
  • enriched soil, but sometimes great erosion

31
Ancient Geographic Divisions in South Asia
32
Cities of the Indus
33
Mohenjo-DaroMound of the Dead
34
Indus River Valley
  • destruction
  • well-planned, citadels, grid of streets
  • clay brick houses, plumbing with sewer system
  • bronze and copper tools, gold and silver jewels,
    clay pots, spun and woven cloth

35
Development of Region
  • Early Food Producing Era (ca. 7000-5500 BC)
  • Regionalization Era, (5500-2600 BC)
  • regional cultural development
  • subdivided into various eras
  • emergence of an Early Indus state ca. 2800 BCE
    and urbanization ca. 2600 BCE

36
Drains Sewer Systems
37
Successors to the regionVedic Era - Hinduism
  • Aryans
  • Rajas
  • Indo-Europeans
  • Caste System - called Varna which translates to
    color in the ancient language)
  • Jati sub-castes

38
Aryan Invasion Theory
  • Sometime between 2500 and 1800 BCE
  • Aryans began moving into India
  • Apparently NOT the cause of the fall of Indus
    Civilization
  • Farmers without written language
  • Used Khyber Pass

39
Political and Social Systems
  • Tribe led by chief and tribal council
  • Tribes formed small states
  • Each state ruled by king and council of warriors
  • Aryans looked down on conquered people
  • Laws against marriage of Aryans with original
    valley dwellers
  • Men permitted more than one wife
  • Sons expected to be warriors and perform ritual
    at fathers funeral

40
Economic System
  • Mostly farmers
  • Barley major crop
  • Most owned their land
  • Handicrafts in villages
  • System of barter for goods
  • Cattle later used as money

41
Historical Geography
  • Environmental determinism the manner in which
    humans and the environment interact.
  • Man and his culture are shaped by their
    environment and while technology allows them to
    adapt, their underlying characteristics have
    already been shaped by their environment
  • Systems within a civilization are influenced by
    the environment
  • Humans change and adapt their environment with
    technology
  • Technology are methods that are used by man or
    mans attempt to overcome his environment
  • Possibilism is a different theory that holds that
    there is an interdependence between humans and
    their physical environment and that while the
    environment sets certain constraints, culture is
    shaped by man

42
Olmec- 3500-2500 BCE- site La Venta
  • Two environments Agricultural methods
  • Slash and burn agriculture- forested uplands
  • Irrigation riverine agriculture- riverine
    lowlands- u-shaped stone drain lines.
  • 2 or more crops per year
  • Maize, beans, squash
  • Lowland riverine populous became the elite
  • Chiefdom societies- with centers populated at
    circa 1000 each- rulers, elite, craftspersons
  • Writing system but un-deciphered though
    indications of counting system- Maya used same
    counting system so this aspect is translatable.
  • Items of trade
  • Highlands- obsidian, jade and Magnetite, cacao
    (drink for nobility)
  • Lowlands- mollusk, turtle shell, sharks teeth,
    and pottery
  • 4 major redistribution/ceremonial centers-
  • San Lorenzo, La Venta, Tres Zapates, and Laguna
    de los Cerros
  • Classic Maya- 2000- 800 BCE- sites Copan
    Palenque

43
Classic cultures of the Americas
44
Yin and Yang
  • The light color area which indicates more
    sunlight is called Yang (Sun).
  • The dark color area has less sunlight (more
    moonlight) and is called Yin (Moon).
  • Yang is like man. Yin is like woman. Yang
    wouldn't grow without Yin. Yin couldn't give
    birth without Yang.
  • Yin is born (begins) at Summer Solstice and Yang
    is born (begins) at Winter Solstice.
  • Therefore one little circle Yin is marked on the
    Summer Solstice position. Another little circle
    Yang is marked on the Winter Solstice position.
  • These two little circles look like two fish eyes.

http//www.chinesefortunecalendar.com/yinyang.htm
45
The Spread of Bantu
46
Cultural hearths
  • These four areas become the center for
    development of many cultures
  • They interacted and ideas, new technologies and
    items of trade were exchanged
  • Silk Road later connects these 4 areas
  • This exchange connects nomads, merchants,
    missionaries, priests, soldiers, pilgrims, to the
    urban areas
  • Population
  • growth
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