Title: Unit 1 Introduction to Invasive Alien Species Overview of the Problem
1Unit 1 Introduction to Invasive Alien Species
Overview of the Problem -
- Randy G. WestbrooksRebecca M. WestbrooksSteven
Manning
2Unit Objectives
- Understand and describe the nature of the IAS
problem - List some of the major characteristics of IAS
- Discuss a few of the worlds worst IAS
- Discuss the basic ecological, economic and public
health impacts of IAS - Describe the process of biological invasions
- Give examples of intentional and unintentional
introductions - List major pathways and vectors of primary and
secondary spread - Explain difficulties with predicting invasiveness
of organisms - Discuss some of the factors that are enhancing
the global spread of IAS
3Session Outline and Agenda
- 1100-1125. Session 1. Introduction to Invasive
Alien Species. - 1125-1145. Session 2. Human Facilitated Spread
of Plants and Animals Whos Using Who? - 1145 1200. Lab Exercise.
- 1200 1300. Lunch.
- 1300-1330. Session 3. Predicting Invasiveness
Forewarned Is Forearmed! - 1330-1400. Session 4. Factors Enhancing the
Spread of IAS. - 1400-1445. Lab Exercises.
- 1445-1450. Review of Major Concepts in Unit 1.
- 1450-1500. Break.
4Session 1. Introduction to IAS.1.1. Overview of
the Problem.
- Crop Pests Historic Struggle Between Man and
Nature - Invasive Alien Species (IAS) Plants/Animals
Outside their Native Range Due to Trade and
Travel - Ecological Impacts Hydrology, Sediments, Soil
Water Chemistry, Disruption of Fire Cycles - Economic and Social Losses - 300 Billion
Globally, Deplete Water Supplies, Famine/Disease,
Grazing Lands, Noise Pollution - Ports of Entry First Line of Defense Against
IAS
51.1.2. IAS - Ecosystems out of Balance
- Origin of IAS
- Remove Top Predators
- Insert New Exotic Species Without Co-Evolved
Predators and Parasites
Food Web
Beaver
Simple Food Chain
Eastern Gray Squirrel
61.1.3. Evolution in Isolation Recreation of a
Virtual Pangaea
- Super-continents
- Columbia 1.5 Billion Yr BP
- Rodinia 700 Million BP
- Pangaea 180 Million Yr BP
- Evolution in Isolation
- Ecological Explosion
- 8,600 Birds (4X )
- Global Spread of IAS
- Recreating a Virtual Pangaea
- Homogeocene
Pangaea
71.2. Characteristics of IAS.
- Abundant in Natural Range
- History of Invasiveness Outside Natural Range
- Wide Distribution in Different Habitats
- Fast Growth, Early Maturity
- High Reproduction Seed Dormancy
- Allelopathy
- Prickles, Spines, Thorns
- Parasitism
- Same Size/Shape as Crop Seeds
- Ability to Go without Food/Water
- Roots/Rhizomes with Large Storage
- Efficient Means of Spread
- Close Association with Humans
81.3. Characteristics of Invaded Habitats.
- Ecological Similarities Between Origin and
Receiving Ecosystems - Lack of Co-evolved Predators and Parasites
- Other IAS already Established
- High Degree of Disturbance
- Secondary Pathways and Vectors for Further Spread
B
A
- Wet Tropics of Queensland, Australia. B. Florida
Everglades, United States.
91.4. Overview of IAS Taxa Groups.
Invasive Plants, Insects, Diseases, Aquatic
Nuisance Species, and Injurious Wildlife.
101.4.1. Invasive Plants.
- 250,000 Plants in the World
- 22,000 Invasive Plants
- Definitions
- Invasive Plant Weed
- Noxious Weed Regulated Weed
- Melaleuca and Pond Apple Tale of Two Weeds in
North America and Australia
Melaleuca
Pond Apple
111.4.2. Insects.
- 30 Million Insect Species
- 500,000 Species of Beetles
- Desert Locust
- Africa, Middle East, Asia
- Swarms
- 1,200 km2
- 96 Billion Individuals
- 240,000 Metric Tons
- Losses
- Morocco 1954 (50 Million in 6 Weeks)
- Ethiopia 1958 (167,000 Tons of Grain Feed 1
Million People for a Year
Mauritania, July, 1994
121.4.3. Aquatic Nuisance Species.
- ANS Factoids
- 21 Billion Gallons Ballast Water Per Year - (USA)
- 3,000 ANS Moving in Ballast Water Around the
World - ANS Taxa
- Aquatic Weeds (Water Hyacinth)
- Aquatic Invertebrates (Zebra Mussel)
- Aquatic Vertebrates (Nile Perch)
131.44. Injurious Wildlife
- Terrestrial Vertebrates
- Intentionally Established
- Game Animals
- Domestic Animals
- IW Examples
- Nutria
- Eastern Gray Squirrel
- Australian Brushtail Possum
141.5.1. Ecological Impacts of IAS.
- Threaten Endangered Species
- Crowd out Natives
- Compete with Natives for Resources, Space, Light
- Disrupt Trophic Level Relationships
- Increase Disturbance Regimes that Natives are not
Adapted to (e.g., Wildfires) - Hybridize with Natives
- Cause Habitat Loss
Fynbos South Africa
Argentine Ant
Old World Climbing Fern in Florida
Cheatgrass in the American West
Mallard Duck
151.52. Economic Effects of IAS.
- USA 150 Billion
- India US117 Billion
- South Africa US17.5 Billion
- United Kingdom US12 Billion
- Australia AUS10 Billion
- New Zealand US10 Billion
- Africa (Aquatic Weed Control) US60 Million
161.5.2.2. Economic Impacts of IAS.
- Direct Losses
- Crop Losses (India 20 Per Year)
- Loss of Exports
- Karnal Bunt of Wheat
- Loss of Pasture Productivity
- Cogongrass
- Loss of Fisheries
- Nile Perch
- Indirect Losses
- Flooding (Water Hyacinth)
- Landslides (Miconia)
- Damage to Dams (Nutria)
- Increased Wildfires (Cheatgrass)
- Loss of Tourism (Spotted Knapweed)
171.53. Public Health Impacts.
- Diseases
- 1999 - West Nile Virus - USA
- 9,862 People Infected
- 264 People Died
- 2003 SARS in China
- 17 Billion Tourism Losses
- Stings - Allergic Reactions
- Imported Red Fire Ant
- Africanized Honey Bee
18(No Transcript)
19Session 2. Spread of Plants and Animals Whos
Using Who?
- Reversion of Cultivars to Wild Forms
- Olives
- Granny Smith Apple
201.6. Process of Invasion.
- Primary Introduction
- Establishment
- Monterey Pine in NZ, AUS
- Secondary Spread
- Vehicles, Trains, Trailers, Animals
211.6.2. The IAS Lag Phase.Melaleuca in the
Florida Everglades.
- Florida Everglades
- River of Grass, Tree Islands
- 80 Miles wide, 1/3 M Deep
- 1906 Introduced from AUS
- 1936 - Aerial Seeding with Melaleuca
- 1970s Rapid Spread throughout the Glades
- 1990s 200,000 ha Infested
221.7. Intentional Introductions.1.7.1.
Introductions that become Invasive.
- Agricultural Crops
- Tall Fescue - Pastures
- Forestry Species
- Leucaena - Africa
- Erosion Control
- Kudzu - USA
- Aid Trade
- Cordia - Vanuatu
- Ornamental Plants
- Siam Weed - Africa
- Germplasm
- Disease Infected Wheat
231.7. Intentional Introductions.1.7.1.
Introductions that become Invasive.
- Game Animals
- Sika Deer - USA
- Mammals as Food Source on Islands
- Feral Pigs, Goats
- Biocontrol Agents
- Cane Toad - AUS
- Fishery Releases
- Nile Perch Lake Victoria, Africa
- Pets Released in Wild
- Burmese Python - USA
- Aquaculture Escapes
- LA Crayfish - Africa
241.7.1.2. Unauthorized Intentional Introductions
(Smuggling).
Chinese Water Spinach(Ipomoea aquatica)
251.8. Unintentional Introductions.
- Adaptations for Spread
- Plants Burs (Cocklebur), Seed Sails, Floating
Seeds - Animals Dog Tick
- Stowaways
- Khapra Beetle
- Hitchhikers
- Snails
- Contaminants (Co-mingled)
- Weed Seed in Crop Seed
261.8. Unintentional Introductions. Contd.
- Hitchhikers on Nursery Plants
- Pink Hibiscus Mealybug
- Hitchhikers on Cut Flowers
- Leaf Miners
- Soil Pests
- Clemora smithi (Sugarcane White Grub) Transferred
from Barbados to Mauritius in Sugarcane - Planes, Trains, Vehicles, Equipment
- Giant African Snail
- Mail
- Crazy Yellow Ant
- Ballast Soil and Water
- Chinese Mitten Crab
- Hull Fouling Organisms
- Marine Debris
27Case Study Yellow Crazy Ants on Christmas Island
- 1930 Introduced to Christmas Island
- 1990s Population Exploded
- Forms Multi-Queen Super Colonies
- Up to 700 ha in Size
- Overwhelms and Kills Native Species
- Red Land Crabs
- 1995-2002 - 10-20 Million Killed
- Robber Crabs, Native Reptiles
- Native Invertebrates
- Control Toxic Bait 99 Effective
- Fipronil in Fish Meal (0.6 gm/ha)
- 1528 km NW of AUS Possession of AUS
281.8.1. Case Study Serrated Tussock in the U.S.
- Description Annual Grass
- Origin Argentina
- Threat Serious Pasture Weed, Minimal Nutrient
Value - Areas Affected AUS, NZ
- 1989 Introduction to USA
- Nine Infested Shipments from ARG
- Loophole in FNWA Seed Shipments Exempt from
Regulation under the Law - Federal Judge Ruled Intent of Law Included Seed
Shipments - Results
- Large Amount Re-exported to Canada, Japan
- 5,000 kg (11,000 lbs.) Burned in Kentucky
- 6,800 kg (15,000 lbs.) Buried in Landfill in
Missouri - Small Amount Hydroseeded onto Stripmine
Reclamation Sites in Kentucky
291.9.1. Pathways of Unintentional Spread.
- Commercial Shipping
- Ships
- Planes
- Trains
- Vehicles Trucks
- People Movers
- Ships, Planes, Trains, Vehicles
- People
- Beggar-lice on Trousers
301.9.2.2. Unintentional Spread by Cargo and
Commodities.
- Cargo Wide Range of Commercial Goods
- Military Equipment
- Commodity Homogeneous Substances in Commerce
- Imported Fruit
- Ornamental Rocks
31Unit 1 Lab Exercise 1.IAS in Participant
Countries.
- 1. Name five introduced species in your country
that are not considered to be invasive. -
- 2. Name five introduced species in your country
that are considered to be invasive.
32Lunch!
- Sponsored by
- Dr. Lynn Jackson
- Global Invasive Species Programme
- Capetown, South Africa
33(No Transcript)
34Session 3. Predicting Invasiveness.1.10. Methods
of Predicting Invasiveness.
- Criteria for IAS Prevention Program
- Know About IAS Worldwide
- GISP
- http//www.gisp.org/
- Global Invasive Species Database
- http//www.issg.org/database/welcome/
- Know Which Ones Pose a Threat to Your Country
- Characteristics of Ideal Invaders
35Session 3. Predicting Invasiveness.1.10.
Characteristics of the Ideal Invader.
- Widespread in Native Range (Kudzu in China)
- History of Invasiveness Elsewhere (Serrated
Tussock in Australia) - Adapted in Wide Range of Environments and Soils
(Tropical Soda Apple) - Rapid Growth and Maturity (Cactus Moth)
- Produces Many Offspring (Desert Locust)
- Rapid Colonizer (Giant Salvinia)
- Efficient Dispersal Mechanisms (Jointed Goatgrass
in Wheat) - Broad Diet (Coqui Frog)
- Aggressive Behavior (Imported Fire Ant)
- Close Relationship with Humans (Oriental
Cockroach) - Small in Size (Khapra Beetle)
36Session 3. Predicting Invasiveness.1.10.
Susceptibility of Environments to Invasion.
- Similarities between Native Range of IAS and
Receiving Region - IAS Already Established in the Region
- Level of Development and Disturbance
- Low Biodiversity Due to Habitat Loss or Stressors
such as Over Grazing, Wildfires, Clear Cutting,
Water Pollution - Vectors for Secondary Spread
- Isolated Communities with High Endemic Species
37Session 3. Predicting Invasiveness.1.10. IAS
Risk Assessment.
- Regulatory Prevention Pest Risk Assessment
Systems. - USDA APHIS Weed Risk Assessment System
- Prohibited Listing Approach
- AUS AQIS Weed Risk Assessment System
- Permitted Listing Approach - 49 Questions
- Score lt 1 (Permitted Entry)
- Score 1 6 (Evaluated Further)
- Score gt 6 (Prohibited Entry)
- Ranking of Established IAS
- NatureServe I-Ranking (400 Species Ranked)
- More in Unit 7.
38(No Transcript)
39Session 4. Factors Enhancing Spread of IAS.1.11.
IAS and Globalization.
- The Global Village
- Instant Communications
- Global Trade, Travel
- Homogenization of Worlds Flora Fauna
- Species Introductions Social, Economic Reasons
40(No Transcript)
41The Great American Exchange
Panama Land Bridge, 3 Million Yr. BP
North AmericanMammals
South AmericanMarsupials
42Session 4. Factors Enhancing Spread of IAS.1.12.
IAS and Changing Land Use Patterns.
- Human Development and Habitation - Civilization
- Habitat Fragmentation,
- Attract Wildlife, Attract IAS
- Source Areas for Horticultural IAS
- Nutrient Rich Urban Lawns and Gardens (Chinese
Wisteria) - Higher IAS Around Population Centers
- More People More IAS
- Purple Loosestrife Campbell Creek, Anchorage,
Alaska - Roads and Highways
- Connecting People Spreading IAS
- Japanese Hops, Connecticut, USA
- Johnsongrass, North Carolina, USA
431.13. IAS and Global Climate Change. Cause and
Effect.
- Land Use Changes (Habitat Fragmentation and
Destruction) - Build up of Greenhouse Gases (Global Warming, Sea
Level Rise, Ecosystem Demise) - Air Water Pollution (Threat to
Environmental/Human Health - Spread of Invasive Species (Threat to
Biodiversity and Agricultural Production)
44Pleistocene Interglacial Periods. Natural
Climate Change Events in North America.1.8
Million 11,500 Years Ago.
- Average Temperature
- 2-3o C Higher
- Plants/Animals Migrated North
- South American Tapirs in North Carolina
- Sweetgum in Canada
- Manatees in New Jersey
45Potential Impacts of Modern Global Warming
- Temperatures
- 4-9o C Higher
- Drought, Heat Waves
- Melting Glaciers
- Melting Snowcaps
- More Rainfall, Storms, Hurricanes
- Hurricane Katrina
- Sea Level Rise
- 0.4 - 0.5 m
- Disturbance and Change..
Mt. Kilimanjaro stripped of its snowcap for the
first time in 11,000 years.
46Potential Impacts of Global Warming on Natural
Ecosystems.
- Disappearance of Sensitive Habitat
- Alpine Meadows
- Eastern Forests Changes
- Mixed Woodlands and Grasslands
- Northwestern Forests Lose Key Species over
Decades - Species Attempt to Migrate North.
47Species Migrations In Response to Global Climate
Change.
- Vegetation Zones Shift 300 km Towards the Poles
- Loblolly Pine Distribution Move 300 Miles
Northward
48Impediments to Species Migration.
- Climate Change Faster than Species can Migrate
(Trees Migrate 20-30 km per Century) - Human Settlements, Activities, Development,
Highways - Invasive Species Move in to Southern Boundary
Transition Zones - Cogongrass in Alabama
49Invasive Speciesin a Warmer World
- Expand their Range, Invade New Habitats
- Compete with Stressed Natives
- Create Synergistic Effects with other Global
Changes
Chinese Tallow Tree(Triadica sebifera)
50Human Induced Global ChangeCause and Effect
Invasive Species
Invasive Species
BurningFossil Fuels
HabitatDestruction
Land UseChanges
Air WaterPollution
Invasive Species
Invasive Species
Human Induced Global Change
Elevated CO2
Ecosystem Break Down
Temperatures Rise
More Precipitation
More Fires
Invasive Species
Invasive Species
Drought
Sea Level Rise
51Unit 1 Major Concepts.
- IAS have traits that permit them to outcompete
native and beneficial species. - IAS often invade areas that are very similar to
their native range. - Over 22,000 invasive plants have been documented.
- Unlike chemical pollutants that breakdown,
biological pollutants multiply and spread. - Impact of IAS on Human Health allergies,
infectious diseases, and Stings. - Phases of Biological Invasions - Introduction,
Establishment, and Spread. - The Lag Phase a Biological Time Bomb.
- The Precautionary Principle - Most effective way
to minimize further problems with IAS.
52Unit 1 Major Concepts, Contd.
- About 1 of all introduced plants will become
invasive. - About 75 of all invasive plants were
intentionally introduced. - Pathways of IAS spread -Commercial Shipping, Air,
Water, and Overland Travel, People - Unintentional Introductions - Cargo and
Commodities may become infested Stowaways and
Contaminants at the point of origin, or somewhere
along the transport to a new region. - Best Predictor of Invasiveness A History of
Invasiveness Elsewhere. - Factors increasing the spread of IAS -
Globalization, Land Use Changes, and Global
Climate Change.
53Unit 1 Lab Exercise 2.Modeling Exponential
Growth of Yellow Starthistle.
54Unit 1. Exercise 3.Pathways, Vectors,
Introductions.
- List major IAS at your port of entry (e.g.,
Ships, Planes, Vehicles, etc.). - List major IAS vectors and origins of introduced
pests that pass through your port (Types of
Commodities, Ballast Water, etc.). - List one authorized intentionally introduced
species that has become invasive in your country.
Why/when was it introduced? What impacts is it
having? - List one unauthorized intentionally introduced
species (smuggled) that has become invasive in
your country. Why/when was it introduced? What
impacts is it having? - List one unintentionally introduced species
(stowaway, hitchhiker, or contaminant) that has
become established and invasive in your country.
How was it introduced (pathway, vector)? When
was it introduced? What impacts is it having?
55Unit 1. Exercise 4.IAS Risk Assessment.
- List characteristics of successful invaders.
- What kind of regulatory pest risk assessment
system does your country use (permitted listing
approach, prohibited listing approach).
56Special Thanks Lynn Jackson and Philip Ivey
Global Invasive Species Programme, Cape Town,
South Africa Janine LloydUSGS BRD, Whiteville,
NC Graphics, Lay Out, Design Les
MehrhoffUniversity of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
Editorial Review White Sands Hotel and
ResortJangwani Beach, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
57(No Transcript)