The Early Medieval Period

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The Early Medieval Period

• 500-1000 A.D.

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Christian Meeting Places

• In the New Testament, the meeting place was
  primarily domesticin homes.
• The Jerusalem church met in the temple for
  teaching and prayer, and also met in their homes
  for breaking bread.
• The shift from domestic meeting place to a
  dedicated meeting facility had a significant
  impact on the nature of Christianity.

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Dura Europos Church Plan
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Dura Europos Church Plan
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Dura Europas Baptistry
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The Roman Basilica

• Romans emphasized law and order.
• Their law courts were not only places for legal
  proceedings but were centers of civic and public
  activities. They functioned sometimes as town
  meeting halls under the guidance of the
  government.
• The basilica form was adopted by Christians as
  the best architecture suited for church buildings
  (rather than temples).

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The Roman Basilica
Basilicas took their form from a ship. The
center portion was the nave (from Latin word for
ship), flanked by side aisles, and a curved end
known as an apse.
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The largest and most impressive Roman basilica
was built by Maxentius and finished by
Constantine in the early 4th century. The apse
contained a colossal statue of Constantine. It
stood until largely destroyed by an earthquake in
the 17th century.
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Two views showing how the Basilica of Maxentius
and Constantine would have appeared originally
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Christian Basilica (Constantines Basilica at
Trier)
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Basilica as Church Building

• A basilica was a Roman town hall derived from a
  Greek word which means belonging to the king.
• The apse was the authority seat in the hall where
  the council or chairperson would sit.
• The bishops chair was called a throne (cathedra)
  because the Greek word also referred to a
  teachers seat and not only to royalty.

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Drawing of St. Peters Basilica
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Interior of St. Peters Basilica
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Buildings and the Arts

• Just as Roman public buildings were decorated
  with art, so church buildings were decorated with
  frescos and mosaics.
• The earliest known Christian mosaic was found
  beneath St. Peters Basilica in the 1940sJesus
  is pictured in a gold mosaic as the sun-god,
  Helios.
• Frescos were more common as mosaics were
  expensive. Most of these are lost to us due to
  the Germanic settling of the West but frescos
  were revived in the Renaissance period.

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Earliest Christian Mosaic, ca. 300

• Earliest known Christian mosaic was found beneath
  St. Peters Basilica in the 1940sJesus is
  pictured in a gold mosaic as the sun-god, Helios.

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Byzantine Architecture

• Where Eastern Turkey, Northern Italy, Slavic
  countries and Russia.
• When 330-1453
• Major Building Form Churches
• Plan Cross-in-Square capped with Dome

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Byzantine Architecture

• Support Pendentives and Piers
• Hallmark Dome
• Décor Lavish inside, plain outside (though
  development meant more ornamentation on the
  outside) mosaics and icons dominate.

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Byzantine Architecture

• Effect Mysterious, transcendence, the presence
  of God
• Inspiration Gods own throne room.
• Goal to arouse emotion, transport into the
  presence of God, evoke worship

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Byzantine ArchitectureHagia Sophia

• Built by Justinian in 532-37 to project the power
  of his church and empire.
• Dome 107 diameter and 180 height.
• Hired two geometricians (Anthemios and Isidorus)
  to design it.
• The arches open up into apses, and domes into
  semi-domes to create a funneling effect of space.
• Dome rests of 70 piers hidden by colonnades and
  rounded arches
• In contrast to classical architecture, it is all
  curves that intersect, as if in motion.

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Justinian Built Hagia Sophia, 533-537 Most
beautiful church in the world
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Hagia Sophia
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Left Interior of Hagia Sophia Above Icon of
Mary Child in Hagia Sophia with Justinian I and
Constantine I presenting Hagia Sophia to them.
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Massive Church

• In 612 the records list a total of 600 persons
  assigned to serve in Hagia Sophia 80 priests,
  150 deacons, 40 deaconesses, 60 subdeacons, 160
  readers, 25 chanters, 75 doorkeepers.
• Impresses everyone
• Russian Non-Christians
• Western Christians
• Turkish Muslims

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Basilica St. Vitale in Ravenna
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Byzantine ArchitectureBasilica of San Marco,
Venice

• Though overlaid with Gothic features, the
  interior preserves the domed, Greek-cross plan
  built to house the body of St. Mark (stolen by a
  Venice Merchant from Egypt).
• Begun in 830, final completions in 1094
• 45,000 square feet of mosaics and filled with
  decorations (including four gilded-bronze horses
  stolen from Constantinople in 1204)

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San Marco Floor Plan
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San Marco, Venice
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Byzantine Art

• Byzantine churches are rarely decorated with
  statues and, in the beginning, not very ornate on
  the outside.
• However, on the inside they are filled with
  frescos, mosaics and icons.
• Art creates the atmosphere of heavenly
  surroundings while architecture creates a sense
  of three levels heaven, paradise and earth.

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Mosaic in St. Vitale in Ravenna, which Justinian
built
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Theodora and her court, in St. Vitale in Ravenna
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The Cult of the Martyrs

• Tombs of martyrs became sacred places with annual
  memorials and feasts.
• The relics of martyrs were thought to have
  spiritual power, especially against demons and
  for physical healings.
• Two Classes
• Martyrs
• Confessors

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The Cult of the Saints

• Since dead saints, especially martyrs, were now
  in the presence of Christ, they could intercede
  for others.
• San Sebastian Catacomb in Rome, ca. 260 Peter
  and Paul, pray for me in eternity.
• Saints were not, however, worshipped, though they
  were venerated or honored.
• Saint market days and holidays grew locally at
  first with the consecration of local bishops but
  about 1200 only the Pope in the West could decide
  who was regarded as a saint.

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Origins of Monasticism

• Several conditions contributed to the rise of
  Monasticism
• With peace between the Empire and the church,
  there were no more martyrs. In an era of
  persecution, ones Christianity separated them
  from the world.
• With the influx of pagans into the church, the
  church appeared to become more worldly. Monks
  sought a higher form of spirituality.
• The search for spiritual communion with God led
  many into new forms of spirituality that was a
  new form of martyrdom (sacrifice) and
  anti-worldliness.

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Monasticism

• Beginnings in Egypt Saint Anthony
• Egyptian Hermits (The Desert Fathers the
  solitary way)
• Communal Beginnings Pachomius
• From Hermits to Monks (cenobitic life)
• Eastern Empire St. Basil (Asia Minor)
• Basil visited Pachomius monastery in 357-358.
• Prayer, Good Works, Meditation, Solitary Life
  (living as skete or lavra (groups of monastic
  cottages of 2 to 6 under the personal direction
  of an elder or geron).
• Guarding the WallsPalladios of Helenspolis
  (360-430).
• Western Empire St. Benedict (Italy)
• Added Labor (agriculture, copying books, serving
  churches)

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Mt. Athos Three Eastern Monastic Forms

• Solitary
• Cenobitic
• Skete or Lavra (alley)living in individual
  cells but sharing a common small group or church
  with a spiritual guide. Also known as
  idiorrhythmic

By 550, Constantinople had 76 monasteries and
ther were over 100,000 monks within the Eastern
Empire.
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Eastern Monasticism

• The pride of Christs Church consists in the
  life of the solitaries.
• St. Issac the Syrian (died around 700).
• Unless someone says in his heart, In the world
  there is only myself and God, he will find no
  peace.
• The Sayings of the Desert Fathers
• Love the ease of solitude more than providing
  for the starving in the world and converting a
  multitude of heathen from error to the worship of
  GodBetter is he that edified his own soul than
  he that edifies the whole world.
• St. Issac the Syrian.

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Life According to the GospelSt. Basil

• Monks are not exceptions or abberations of the
  gospel life, but are examples to the whole
  Churcha life withdrawn from the sinfulness of
  the world and in obedience to Scripture.
• Monasticism, however, is regarded as a second
  baptisma renewal of baptismal vows.
• Monasticism is a sacrament of love where people
  devote themselves to loving God and loving their
  neighbor without reserve.
• Monasticism is the life of continual repentancea
  life of constantly renewed conversion.
• St. Anthony This is our chief task always to
  be mindful of our sinfulness in Gods sight.
• Abba Dioscorus (died 400) constantly weeps over
  sin in his cell.

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Eastern Orientation

• Eschatological herald the coming of the new age
  by their radical detachment (renunciation) from
  the world.
• Marriage is a cataphatic (affirmative) way of
  affirming the sacrament of love, but monasticism
  is a apophatic (negative) expression.
• Marriage Grant, Lord, that in loving each
  other we may love you.
• Monks express their love for God without the
  mediation of another human beingthey love
  directly and wholly.
• Monks thereby anticipate the eschatological
  realityto live in the presence of God without
  marriage.
• Thus, in later Byzantium only monks could become
  bishops as those dedicated to the higher form
  of life which is the goal of all Christians.
• Monks become salt and light, examples of the
  kingdom of God.

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Eastern Priorities

• First Priority The Living Flame of Prayer as
  Loving God.
• St. Seraphim of Sarov (d. 1833) Acquire inner
  peace, and thousands around you will find their
  salvation.
• The goal is to intercede for themselves, for
  others and seek union with God.
• Secondary Priorities Loving Neighbor
• Scholarly and educational work
• Evangelism and missionary work
• Social and philanthropic work
• Spiritual guidance and mentoring work

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The image below left (from the Monastery of
Dionysiou on Mt. Athos) shows monks ascending the
Ladder to God (and some of them, unfortunately,
falling off) the image on the right (from the
Monastery of Esphigmenou on Mt. Athos) shows the
"Life of the True Monk" -- with demons tormenting
him, although he remains unmoved, with his whole
body in the form of the Crucified Christ).
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Irish (Celtic) Monasticism

• Irish monasticism predates Benedicts
  westernization of monasticism.
• The first monks lived as hermits in beehive
  cells where the cold was their penance instead of
  the heat (Ireland instead of Egypt).
• Irish monasticism has a tradition of spirituality
  similar to Eastern monasticism.

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St. Benedict Established Monastery of Monte
Cassino, 529
Benedictine Monasticism became model for all new
orders in Middle Ages Goal Purity, Model of
Apostolic Church, Service Vows of Poverty,
Chastity, Obedience Summary pray and work
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Monastery of Monte Cassino
Restored after original monastery destroyed in
Allied attack during World War II
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The Benedictine Rule

• Growing up near Rome, he experienced the chaotic
  life of an era embroiled in constant war.
• In 529, Benedict (480-550) founded a monastery at
  Monte Cassino for which he wrote his Rule.
• The Benedictine Rule emphasized poverty, chastity
  and solitude, but it also emphasized the
  importance of work (agriculture), learning and
  communal meals.
• The Benedictine monastic tradition is the
  foundation of Western monastic life.
• Monasteries became islands of learning faith and
  order in Western Europe which was filled with
  disorder, war and insecurity.

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Western Monasticism

• It was primarily, if not exclusively, cenobitic
  (communal).
• It found its priorities in service, education,
  and mission alongside of worship and prayer.
• Benedicts rule regulates the community, provides
  a spiritual leader (abbot), and emphasizes the
  above priorities.
• It was written for autonomous communities and not
  intended as a special monastic order.

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Western Monastic Orders

• Monastery of Cluny spreads its communal form
  through the establishment of more than 1000
  monasteries from 900 to 1100.
• Carthusian Order began in 1084 as a place for the
  solitary life in the western world.
• In 1098 Cistercian order began to emphasize the
  role of manual labor in a communal life (white
  friars).
• In 1210 the Franciscan order begins which
  stresses the vow of poverty and working among the
  poor (grey friars)
• In 1215 the Dominican order begins which stresses
  the role of education and theological orthodoxy
  (black friars).

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ISLAM
Muhammad (570-632)
Life of the prophet
Muhammad
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Muhammad (570-632)

• Born in Mecca, at the age of 40 began to receive
  a series of revelations. He begins to affirm
  monotheism as he is taught through visions from
  the angel Gabriel.
• These recitations (quran) given through the
  angel Gabriel became the Koran.
• Muhammad was the last prophet of the God of
  Abraham and the Koran was the perfect expression
  of divine will for all humanity.

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Muhammads Career

• 610-622, he lived in Mecca preaching his
  monotheistic faith. He was a shepherd but married
  into the family of his employer and became a
  teacher of ethics.
• 622 (year 1 for Muslims), he fled to Yathrib
  (Medina, the city). Muhammad became the leader
  of the city where a theocratic style of
  government was implemented.
• 624-628, Mecca and Medina fought three major
  battles.
• 629, Muhammad makes a pilgrimage to Mecca.
• 630, Muhammad becomes theocratic ruler of Mecca
  and by his death in 632 of the whole Arab
  peninsula.
• Muhammad united Arabs politically and religiously

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ISLAM
Koran
114 chapters (saris) Memorized Adored Not
translated Never changed
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Islams Missionary Zeal

• By 632, Islam was the faith of the Arabian
  peninsula with Mecca as its political and
  cultural center.
• By 661, Islam had spread to Libya, Egypt,
  Palestine and Mesopotamia with Damascus as its
  political and cultural center under the Umayyad
  Dynasty.
• By 732, Islam covered North Africa, Spain,
  southern France, parts of Asia Minor, at times
  parts of Sicily and southern Italy and the Indus
  Valley with Baghdad as its political and cultural
  center under the Abbasid Dynasty

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Stopping the Spread of Islam

• Leo III of the Byzantine Empire drove back a
  Muslim army from a siege of Constantinople in
  717-18.
• Charles Martel, King of the Franks, defeated a
  Muslim army in 732 at Tours, France and forced it
  back across the Pyrennes into Spain.
• Gibraltar is the rock of Tariq (Gib-al-Tariq).
  The Muslim Tariq invaded Spain in 711.

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Expansion of Islam 634-750
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Later Developments

• Seljuk Turks from Central Asia, after converting
  to Islam, conquered the Arabic dynasties by 1050.
• Mongols from Asia conquered Baghdad in 1258.
  This led to the existence of small Islamic states
  rather than one Empire.
• Ultimately, all the Arabic states fell to the
  Ottoman Turks in 1517. The Ottoman Empire
  existed till 1918.

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The Basic Impulse of Islam

• Monotheistic faith
• Submission to the will of God
• Islam means submission
• Muslim means those who submit
• Jesus, like the OT kings and prophets, were true
  prophets, but Judaism and Christian corrupted the
  true religion.
• The Quran (from the Arabic root which means to
  read) calls for toleration of the people of the
  book (Jews and Christians) though polytheists
  and pagans are called infidels. The Hadith are a
  collection of traditions based on Islamic
  teaching.

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Five Pillars of Islamic Piety

• Confession There is one God and Muhammed is his
  prophet.
• Pray five times a day toward Meccacommunal
  prayer on Friday
• Fast during the month of Ramadan
• Give alms to the poorrequired 2.5 giving.
• Make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once for
  those who are able.

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Basic Beliefs

• Paradise is their view of the afterlife.
• Acceptance of Old Testament ethics.
• Strict administration of justice.
• The presence of angels and jinn (spirit beings
  who can possess human beings for good or evil).
• Fatalistic or deterministic understanding of
  Allah.
• Strong ethic no alcoholic drinks.
• Seclusion of womenprotection against sexual
  aggressors/predators.
• God intends one community among all people.
• Holy War (Jihad)

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Three Islamic Divisions

• Sunni Muslims mainstream faith and majority
  (90 of Muslims).
• Shiite Muslims believe that only a blood
  relative of Muhammed can lead the Muslim faith.
  Shiite means partisan of Ali who was the
  son-in-law and cousin of Muhammad. They look to
  the Imam.
• Sufi Muslims believe in the continuation of
  revelations through mystical encounters and
  practiced a relatively ascetic lifestyle

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Origins of the Icnonclastic Controversy

• The beginnings of Christian art are found in the
  catacombs and in early church buildingsmore
  often the portrayal of biblical stories rather
  than iconography.
• Icons as images of Christ for liturgical purposes
  began to appear in the fourth century in the
  Constantinian age.
• By the seventh century, the use of icons is a
  well-established tradition in the church.

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Seventh Century UnderstandingLeonitus of Neapolis

• I sketch and paint Christ and the sufferings of
  Christ in churches, in homes, in public squares,
  on icons, on linen cloth, on clothes, and in
  every place I paint so that men may see them
  plainly, may remember them and not forget
  themAnd as you, when you make your reverence to
  the Book of the Law, bow down not to the
  substance of skins and ink, but to the sayings of
  God that are found in therein, so I do reverence
  the image of Christ. Not to the substance of wood
  and paintthat shall never happen!...But by doing
  reverence to an inanimate image of ChristI think
  to embrace Christ Himself and to do Him
  reverence.We Christians by bodily kissing an
  icon of Christ, or of an apostle or martyr, are
  in spirit kissing Christ Himself or His martyr.

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Recognition of Abuse

• St. Anastasius of Sinai Many think that he
  sufficiently revers his baptism who, entering the
  church, kisses all the icons without paying
  attention to the Liturgy and the divine service.
• Orthodox theologians have always rejected such
  abuses and have tried to give a theological
  grounding to the use of icons.

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Icon Controversy (726-843)

• Several bishops on the Eastern borders of the
  empire began to oppose icons and Germanos the
  Patriarch of Constantinople defended them.
• Emperor Leo III decided against icons and ordered
  their destruction in 730.
• Perhaps he thought spiritual realities should not
  be depicted in material form.
• Perhaps he was reacting to the Muslim charges of
  idolatry.
• Leo felt he should defend the faith The Lord,
  having entrusted the realm to the emperors, has
  likewise commanded them to tend Christs faithful
  flock, after the example of Peter.
• Immediately divided the Empire.
• Iconoclasts (icon-smashers)
• Iconodules (icon-venerators)

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John of Damascus

• Born in Damascus, he served as a chief advisor to
  the Muslim Caliph for many years.
• In 725 he retired to a monks life and began
  writing and died in 749.
• His most famous book is The Orthodox Faith, which
  is part 3 of his massive work The Fountain of
  Knowledge (Wisdom).
• He also composed hymns, wrote works on ethics and
  epitomized Orthodox theology. Still standard
  Orthodox theology.

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Imperial Iconoclasm

• Constantine, Leons son, inaugurated a systematic
  persecution of iconodules.
• In 753 he summoned a council at Constantinople
  after he had purged the episcopate of many
  iconodules. The council condemned icons and
  their veneration
• From 762-775, he exiled and executed monks who
  resisted his policy.
• The persecution did not end till after his death
  and elevation of his son Leo IV. When he died in
  780, the Empress Irene restored iconodules to
  episcopacies and installed Patriach Tarasius who
  supported icons.
• Destroyed icons had been replaced by secular
  art depicting hunting scenes, decorative designs
  and the like.

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John of Damascus on Icons

• When He Who is without a body and without form,
  Who has neither quanity nor magnitude, Who is
  incomparable with respect to the superiority of
  His nature, Who exists in Divine formaccepts a
  bond-servants appearance and arrays Himself in
  bodily form, then do you trace Him upon wood, and
  rest your hopes in contemplating Him, Who has
  permitted Himself to be seenI do not bow down to
  matter but to the Creator of matter, Who for my
  sake took on substance and Who through matter
  accomplished my salvation, and I shall not cease
  to honor matter, through which my salvation was
  accomplished.
• Thus, matter has been sanctified and has become a
  means of grace.

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Theology of Icons

• According to John of Damascus, just as the wine,
  bread and water of the sacraments (mysteries)
  makes Christ present to his people, the portrayal
  of Christ in an icon may also be filled with the
  grace and power of Christs presence.
• It is no longer a mere image of Christ, but a the
  means by which we encounter the spiritual reality
  of Christ.
• This is primarily rooted in the affirmation of
  the reality of the incarnationjust as Christ
  sanctified flesh, so he sanctified materiality.
  Materiality, including images, can convey the
  spiritual presence of divine grace.

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Controversy Settled

• Though often politically volatile and sometimes
  violent, the theology was settled at the 2nd
  Council of Nicea (787), the 7th ecumenical
  council.
• Images of God in his essence are forbidden.
• Images of God in the flesh (incarnate) or God in
  his theophanies, Mary and his saints are
  permitted.
• Images represent Gods involvement in the
  material world and through those images people
  approach God without worshipping the image.
• Images can mediate divine presence and mystical
  encounter they are not mere aides for the
  faithful.

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7th Ecumenical Council

• We, therefore, following the royal pathway and
  the divinely inspired authority of our Holy
  Fathers and the traditions of the Catholic Church
  (for, as we all know, the Holy Spirit indwells
  her), define with all certitude and accuracy that
  just as the figure of the precious and
  life-giving Cross, so also the venerable and holy
  images, as well in painting and mosaic as of
  other fit materials, should be set forth in the
  holy churches of God, and on the sacred vessels
  and on the vestments and on hangings and in
  pictures both in houses and by the wayside, to
  wit, the figure of our Lord God and Savior Jesus
  Christ, of our spotless Lady, the Mother of God,
  of the honorable Angels, of all Saints and of all
  pious people.

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7th Ecumenical Council

• For by so much more frequently as they are seen
  in artistic representation, by so much more
  readily are men lifted up to the memory of their
  prototypes, and to a longing after them and to
  these should be given due salutation and
  honorable reverence, not indeed that true worship
  of faith which pertains alone to the divine
  nature but to these, as to the figure of the
  precious and life-giving Cross and to the Book of
  the Gospels and to the other holy objects,
  incense and lights may be offered according to
  ancient pious custom. For the honor which is paid
  to the image passes on to that which the image
  represents, and he who reveres the image reveres
  in it the subject represented.

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Revival of Iconoclasm

• Upon the death of Irene in 802, the empires
  misfortunes were blamed upon icon-veneration.
• In 815, Emperor Leo V decreed that icons should
  be raised above human height so that no one could
  kiss them. Monks led a protest procession
  carrying icons. The Emperor responded with
  violence.
• The persecution continued under Michael II
  (820-29) and Theophilus (829-842).

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Triumph of Icon-Veneration

• Empress Theodora, wife of Theophilus, halted the
  persecution after the death of her husband in
  842.
• In March, 843, Methodius, one of the persecuted,
  became Patriarch.
• On the first Sunday of Lent icons were reinstated
  in Hagia Sophia. Each year the church celebrates
  this victory as the Triumph of Orthodoxy.

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• Icon of the Holy Trinity by St. Andrei Rublev,
  Russian Orthodox (1411) for the Holy Trinity
  Monastery founded by St. Sergius.

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• Theotokos (Mother of God) by Vladimir from the
  end of the 11th century (Constantinople), but
  moved to Moscow in the 13th century where it
  remains.

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Diminished Empire after Justinian

1. Germanic Lombards invade and conquer Italy
2. Visigoths retake previously lost parts of Spain.
3. Slavs (primarily Bulgars) take Balkan provinces
   except Thrace
4. Arabs take Africa and the east (including
   Jerusalem) except for Asia Minor

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Map of Post-Justinian Empire, ca. 700
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Significance of Byzantium

• Strengths
• Geography encourages trade
• Impregnable city of Constantinople
• Strong imperial personalities, autocracy
• Hellenistic culture and religiously united
  (except for some Christian heresiesthe
  monophysites)
• Weaknesses
• Problems with Succession (2/3 killed)
• Isolated, Separatistic
• Cultivated luxurious, pleasure-seeking culture

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Significance of Byzantium

• Language and Literature
• Preserved Greek, including Bible MSS.
• Half of literature was theological
• Based education on Greek classics
• Preserved Greek culture while the West was
  overrun with Barbarian cultures (except what
  was introduced into Celtic culture in Ireland)
• Influence on Slavic Culture
• Gave them religion, alphabet, art, architecture
• Christian Slavic nations looked to Byzantium for
  leadership

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Byzantium and the West

• Had territories in Italy till 1100.
• Substantial commerce between Constantinople,
  Venice and other Italian cities.
• Preserved Roman law and Greek culture for the
  West to rediscover

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Slavic Missions Cyril Methodius

• Invited by the Prince Ratislav to Moravia in 862
• The brothers led Moravia into Christianity, and
  their disciples evangelized the Bulgars and other
  Slavs.
• Moravia ultimately came under Roman Catholic
  control but the influence of the brothers
  continued among the other Slavs.

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Cyril and Methodius

• They created a written language for
  Slavonicprovided Slav churches with alphabet,
  translations of creeds, liturgies and texts (Old
  Church Slavonic).
• Unlike the West where Latin was the only
  liturgical language, the East had from the
  beginning used the language of the people for
  liturgy.
• The Cyrillic alphabet, developed in the 10th
  century, was based on their old alphabet and
  language.

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The Primary Chronicle

• Vladimir again called together his vassals and
  the elders. The Prince announced the return of
  the envoys who had been sent out, and suggested
  that their report be heard. He commanded them to
  speak out before his vassals. The envoys
  reported "When we traveled among the Bulgars, we
  saw how they worship in their temple, called a
  mosque, while they lounge about slackly.
  Bulgarians bow, sit down, and look here and there
  as if possessed. There is no happiness among
  them, but instead only sadness and bad smells.
  Their religion is not good. Next we went among
  the Germans. We saw them performing many
  ceremonies in their temples, but we saw no glory
  there. Then we went on to Greece. The Greeks led
  us to the edifices where they worship their God,
  and we did not know whether we were in heaven or
  on earth. On earth there is no such splendor or
  such beauty, and we are at a loss how to describe
  it. We know only that God lives there among men,
  and that the Greek service is fairer than the
  ceremonies of other nations. We cannot forget
  that beauty. Once he has tasted sweetness, no man
  is willing to settle for bitterness.

89
Conversion of Rus

• Vladimir, the prince of Rus, invited Byzantine
  teachers to Kiev in 988.
• All Russians were commanded to be baptized in
  order to stay in favor with the Prince.
• Vladimir married the sister of the Byzantine
  Emperor in 989.

90
Russian History

• Russian Christianity was centered in Kiev from
  988 to 1240 when Mongols burned Kiev to the
  ground.
• The center of Russian Christianity moved to
  Moscow in the 14th century when in the 1380s
  Mongols (Tartars) were first defeated by
  Muscovite princes.
• Moscow becomes the Patriarch of Russian
  Christianity in the late 14th century.

91
The Germanization of Western Europe Franks
92
Merovingian Franks

• Clovis (466-511), a Frank, married a
• Burgundian princess who insisted he
• become Catholic.
• After winning a battle, he converted in 496 and
  supported missionaries. He also forced
  conversions among the Franks and those he
  conquered.
• Germanic Gaul became Christian and began the
  fusion of Germanic and Roman culture.
• Clovis is the first French King.

93
St. Patrick (385-461), Apostle to the Irish

• Patrick was a missionary among the Irish Celts.
• Native Welsh (Maewyn), former slave, 12 years in
  Gaul.

• Monasticism was a dominant feature of Irish
  Christianity since the population was almost
  entirely rural. They preserved classical
  learning in the western world and promoted
  education (e.g., influencing even England at York
  where schools flourished)
• Irish monks evangelized Scotland, Burgundy,
  Switzerland and northern Italy.

94
Conversion of England

• After the fall of Rome, England was overrun by
  pagan Saxons, Angles and Jutes between 450-500.
• Irish monks evangelized in England (primarily
  northern), but also Augustine of Rome was sent by
  Pope Gregory I in 597. He converted Ethelbert
  (560-616 a Jute), King of Kent, in 601 and
  established the bishopric of Canterbury (later
  center of the English church).
• Celtic and Augustinian (Roman) Christianity had
  their differences and this created tension.

95
Resolution to Side with Rome

• Celtic Church older with own traditions
• Existed in Scotland, Northern England and Ireland
• Emphasized monasticism and learning
• Roman and Celtic missionaries compete for
  English Northumberland.
• King Oswy of Northumberland called synod
• Synod of Whitby (664)
• Oswy decided for Roman based on the Petrine
  Thesis (Roman primacy).

96
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97
Boniface, Apostle of Germany

• Boniface (675-754), Anglo-Saxon from southern
  England, pioneered missionary work among the
  Saxons of Hesse.
• He was ultimately appointed Archbishop of Mainz.
• He was martyred while preaching among the pagans
  in Frisia.

98
Empire of Charlemagne
99
Carolingian Franks

• Pope Zacharias (741-752) approved the plan of
  Pepin the Short to seize the throne for himself
  after the last Merovingian died.
• Pope Stephen II (752-757) appealed to Pepin for
  help against the Germanic Lombards and the
  Byzantine Empire.
• Pepin conquered Italy and received the title of
  father-protector of the Romans. He gave the
  Papacy the lands the Pope claimed in Italy (the
  Papal States), which was called the Donation of
  Pepin.
• The document entitled Donation of Constantine
  appeared which gave the Pope of Rome jurisdiction
  over the whole of the western church unhindered
  by the emperor.

100
The Papal States
101
Charles the Great (768-814)

• Creates an empire
• 53 military campaigns
• Crowned emperor 800
• Rules well
• Appoints own household staff
• Primitive law ordeals
• Creates feudal army
• Builder
• Weights and Measures
• Generous to church, but master of church

102
Charlemagne (742-814)

• Pacified the Saxons in Germany, extended the
  border to the Danube in eastern Europe, pacified
  the Lombards in Italy and crossed the Pyrennes
  into Spain.
• When Pope Leo III (795-816) was forced out of
  Rome by local nobles, Charlemagne arranged his
  return. In Rome, December 25, 800 A.D.,
  Charlemagne was crowned emperor of the Holy
  Roman Empire.

103
Charlemagne receiving gifts
104
Empire of Charlemagne
105
Carolingian Renaissance

• 600 years before the Italian Renaissance, it
  successfully merged Germanic and Greco-Roman
  cultures into Christian Europe.
• Alcuin of York (740-804), one of Charlemagnes
  scholars at Aachen (near Cologne), taught at a
  palace school. The net effect was higher
  educational and moral standards for clergy.
  Education was popularized in France.
• Alcuin established the basic liberal arts
  educational philosophy
• Elementary disciplines grammar, rhetoric,
  dialectic (logic)
• Advanced disciplines arithmetic, geometry,
  music, astronomy
• Highest discipline theology

106
Alcuin of York Appointed head of Charlemagnes
Palace School Aix-la-Chapelle (780-790)
107
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108
Carolingian kings of France not competent after
division

• Invasion of Vikings
• Carolingian kings unable to protect people
• Paris withstood the onslaught (888)
• Normans invade and settle in north
• Rollo first Duke of Normandy 933
• Normandy strongest area in France
• Lords ask Hugh Capet to be king 987
• Son of Eudes brother Robert
• Beginning of Capetian Dynasty

109
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110
Two Kingdoms Emerge

• Frankish (French) Kingdom
• Hugh Capet (987-996).
• German and Saxon Kingdom
• Otto the Great (936-973). Otto continued the
  legacy of the Holy Roman Empire as he sought to
  control Italy as part of his territory.

111
Otto I, 936-973

• Makes Germany great
• Establishes authority
• Dreams of re-creating Roman Empire
• Builds up alliances
• Uses middle class as civil service
• Puts down revolt of nobles
• Defeats Magyars at Lech 955

112
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113
Germany Becomes Empire

• 962 Otto crowned emperor
• Son married to Byzantine princess
• Church is weak
• Otto deposes 2 popes, elects 2
• Otto meddles in Italian affairs
• Otto re-creates Carolingian Empire

114
Papacy and Frankish Empire

• Frankish/German Emperors control the Papacy
• Popes tortured, killed, desecrated
• 48 popes, 880-1046
• Most were immoral, incompetent
• Deliberate strategy of German emperors

115
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116
Pope Innocent I (401-417)

• The western Emperor Honorius had moved his
  government to Ravenna.
• Innocent I was Pope when Rome was sacked by the
  Visigoths in 410.
• Innocent I took the opportunity to extend his
  authority in both political and theological
  contexts.
• He confirmed the decisions of the North African
  churches against Pelagianism as he sided with
  Augustine.
• He took on political and judicial functions in
  the city of Rome, especially the absence of
  imperial authority.

117
Pope Leo I (the Great), 440-461

• Leo centralized western ecclesial government and
  located juridical power in Rome.
• Leo also led the city politically and was praised
  for dissuading Attila the Hun from sacking Rome
  in 452.
• Stressed the priority of Rome in the universal
  government of the church, especially as he sought
  to maintain jurisdiction over Illyricum.
• Leo is sometimes regarded as the first Roman
  Pope since he stressed his universal
  responsibility for the church based on Petrine
  supremacy and his rights as the successor of
  Peter.

118
Gregory I (the Great, 590-605)

• Born of aristocratic Roman family
• Comes with political, diplomatic experience
• Papal ambassador to Constantinople
• Roman official then monk, then Pope
• Sends Augustine to England as Missionary

119
Gregory I (the Great)

• Takes over the political rule of city of Rome
• (Helps when Rome besieged)
• Works for high morals in church
• (Encouraged monks to be faithful to their vows)
• Uses family home as a church Did not want titles
  or honor
• Developed idea of Purgatory emphasized penance
  over grace
• Encouraged idea of Communion as literal body
  blood
• Wrote and collected songs Gregorian Chants
  Prolific writer