Monocytes

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Monocytes
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Monocytes / Macrophages

• Bone marrow
• Lymph nodes
• Kidney (glomerular mesengial)
• Brain (microglial)
• Liver (kupffer)
• Spleen (sinus)
• Lung (alveolar)

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Function
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Monocytosis gt1.0 x 109/L adults

• Reactive Monocytosis
• Chronic infections (i.e. TB)
• Transiently in recovery from tissue injury (MI)
• Sarcoidosis
• Hodgkins nonHodgkins lymphoma
• Splenectomy
• Recovery from acute infection agranulocytosis

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Monocytosis

• Circulating Neoplasmic Monocytes
• Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia
• Chronic myelogenous leukemia
• Acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AML-M4)
• Acute monocytic leukemia (AML- M5)
• Malignant histiocytosis

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Eosinophils Basophils
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Learning Objectives

• Describe the role of basophil mast cells
• Explain the mechanism of basophil degranulation
  and the role of the biologically active materials
  lipid mediators.
• Describe the role of eosinophils in the killing
  of parasites. Explain the role of IL4, IL5, C3b3.
• Understand the causes of basophilia,
  eosinophilia, eosinopenia and basopenia.

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Hypersensitivity Classification
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Hypersensitivity Classification contd
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Hypersensitivity

• Type I IgE mediated hypersensitivity
• Antigen cross-linkage of IgE bound to mast cells
  basophils causes release of vasoactive
  mediators
• reactions typically take 2-30 minutes
• symptoms may include
• anaphylaxis
• hay fever
• hives
• asthma
• food allergies
• eczema

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Basophils
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Function of Basophils
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Basos vs. Masts
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Whats on the Outside of a Baso?
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Stages of Activation of Basos Masts

• 1. degranulation
• 2. production of lipid mediators
• 3. cytokine excretion

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Granules

• Granules contain many substances that are
  involved in vasodilation, bronchoconstriction,
  stopping clotting and altering tissues
• important examples
• histamine vasodilation
• Chondoitin SO4 packages basic proteins into
  granules, binds and stabilized proteases
• slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis
• Eosinophil chemotactic factor
• Prostaglandin D2

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Cytokines secreted by Basos Masts

• Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
• IL4
• IL3, GMCSF
• others
• IL1
• Il5
• IL6

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Remember the cytokines
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Review of Basos

• 1. inflammation immediate hypersensitivity
• 2. leukotriene cytokine release
• 3. degranulation

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Basophilia (gt0.2 x 109/L)

• allergy or inflammation
• infections
• neoplasms
• following radiation exposure

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Basopenia (lt0.01 x 109/L)

• steroids
• thyroid hormones
• Acute infection
• stress

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Eosinophils
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Eosinophils

• Granules
• Primary Granules
• Charcot leyden protein lysophospholipase
• Eosinophil peroxidase
• Secondary Granules
• Eosinophil peroxidase
• Major Basic Protein disrupts membranes
• histaminase inhibits histamine
• Eosinophil cationic protein destroys membranes

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The Occupation of Eosinophils
extracellular killing O2 independent O2
dependent

• C3b

control the masts basos removal of fibrin can
phagocytize
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Eosinophilia (gt0.6 x 109/L)

• parasitic disease
• drug reactions
• allergies
• Cutaneous disorders
• immune deficiencies
• malignancies
• sarcoidosis
• connective tissue disorders

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Eosinopenia (lt0.04 x 109/L)

• acute inflammatory response
• Administration of corticosteroids
• Cushings syndrome
• Acute stress (glucocorticoid adrenaline)