Ch 9 Psychoanalytic Approaches: Historical

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• Ch 9 Psychoanalytic Approaches Historical
• 1. Freud and some of his theory
• 2. Influenced by Freudian theory

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Ch 9 Psychoanalytic Approaches Historical

• Freud
• Founder of psychoanalytic school
• Spent most of life in Vienna

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Ch 9 Psychoanalytic Approaches Historical

• Freuds early career
• Studied hypnosis with Charcot in France
• First book the Interpretation of Dreams 1900
• Could use analysis of dreams to probe the
  unconscious

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Ch 9 Psychoanalytic Approaches Historical

• By 1902
• A regular group of psychoanalytic supporters
• By 1908
• A much larger group
• In 1909
• In 1910

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Ch 9 Psychoanalytic Approaches Historical

• How Freud died
• Unsuccessful surgeries
• Died at 82

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Ch 9 Psychoanalytic Approaches Historical

• Later in life
• Germany invaded Austria 1938
• Freud, wife, 6 children
• Feared for safety
• Moved to London
• Freud died a year later

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Ch 9 Psychoanalytic Approaches Historical

• Psychic energy
• Either healthy
• Or unhealthy
• Treatment
• Energy channeled in appropriate, healthy
  directions

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Ch 9 Psychoanalytic Approaches Historical

• What are well-springs of psychic energy?
• Initial framework
• Survival instinct (like Darwins natural
  selection)
• Sexual instinct (like Darwins sexual selection)

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Ch 9 Psychoanalytic Approaches Historical

• What are well-springs of psychic energy?
• Thanatos
• Influenced by war-like nature of Germans during
  WW1 WW2

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Ch 9 Psychoanalytic Approaches Historical

• A broader conception by Freud
• Anything
• Need-satisfying
• Life-sustaining
• Pleasure-oriented
• Instinct, needs to destroy, harm, aggress

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Ch 9 Psychoanalytic Approaches Historical

• Perhaps consistent with his early attempts to
  create, both in career and family
• Perhaps consistent with his cancer, impending
  death, world wars

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Ch 9 Psychoanalytic Approaches Historical

• Eating sustaining oneself, killing another
• Sadism in sexual realms
• To hurt is to feel pleasure

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Ch 9 Psychoanalytic Approaches Historical

• Freuds architecture of mind
• (1) id
• Wants immediate gratification
• Of all wishes
• Primary process thinking
• Associative, without logic
• E.g., in dreams, when id dominates

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Ch 9 Psychoanalytic Approaches Historical

• Freuds architecture of mind
• (2)
• Behavior in manner
• Consistent with society
• Attempts to satisfy wishes in socially acceptable
  terms
• Secondary process thinking
• Logical, rational

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Ch 9 Psychoanalytic Approaches Historical

• Freuds architecture of mind
• (3) superego
• Can be unrealistic in moral standards
• Can punish self for perceived faults
• Thought to be primarily unconscious

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Ch 9 Psychoanalytic Approaches

• Influenced by Freud
• 1. Homophobia as repressed sexual desire
• 2. Terror Management death and defense
• 3. Baumeister The Id and Ego often work at
  cross-purposes

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Fear of Homosexuals

• Many (men especially) are homophobic
• Verbal abuse, threats
• I would feel nervous around homosexuals

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Fear of Homosexuals

• What is homophobia?
• Not just negative attitudes

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Fear of Homosexuals

• What is the real threat here?
• Could it be repressed homosexual desires in self?

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Fear of Homosexuals

• All male subjects
• All avowed heterosexuals
• Homophobia scale
• I would feel nervous being around homosexuals
• Low homophobics vs. high homophobics

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Fear of Homosexuals

• Heterosexual
• Homosexual female
• Homosexual male
• Undressing, foreplay, oral sex, intercourse

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Fear of Homosexuals

• Adams et al. (1996)
• Can we ask people?
• No, unconscious

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Fear of Homosexuals

• Adams et al. (1996)
• penile plethysmography
• H high homophobics will show tumescence response
  to male homosexual porno

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Fear of Homosexuals
Low homophobia
High homophobia
Tumescence response
Time
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Fear of Homosexuals
High homophobia
Tumescence response
Low homophobia
Time
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Fear of Homosexuals
Tumescence response
High homophobia
Low homophobia
Time
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Fear of homosexuals

• What about subjective arousal?
• Subjective arousal (this turns me on)
• Penile size
• The one case where penile gt subjective
• Homophobics viewing homosexual porno

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Fear of homosexuals

• Adams et al. (1996)
• Id
• Such desires unacceptable to person
• Especially when good change of leaking out
• Like when around homosexuals
• Therefore, avoid homosexuals

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Terror Management

• - born into this world alone will die alone
• - this knowledge is reality
• - the only thing that is known for certain
• - how often are we aware of imminent death?
• - not often
• - could this be because we block such thoughts
  from awareness?
• - they (P,S,G) think so

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Terror Management

• Fallible bodies that die
• We know we die
• No other creature does
• Therefore, we dont
• We entertain, distract ourselves
• Culture as a way of distracting self from terror
  of death

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Terror Management(from Solomon et al., 2000)

• It is awesome to be alive and know it, and
  dreadful to recognize that death is ones
  inevitable fate as an ambulatory assemblage of
  blood, tissue, and guts, inherently no more
  significant or enduring than a barnacle, a
  beetle, or a bell pepper.
• - what is a body?
• - a vessicle for guts fluid
• - mushy stuff that dies

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Terror Management

• - the burdens of self-consciousness
• - knowledge of inevitable death
• - need for transcendence, permanence
• - how? 1.
• 2.
• 3.
• - all are crutches, defense against inevitable
  death

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Terror Management(from Solomon et al., 2000)

• Different groups, cultures
• From this perspective, the ongoing ethnic strife
  pervading human history is in large part the
  result of humans inability to tolerate those
  with different death-denying visions of reality.

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Solomon et al. (2000)

• The World Leaders Project is an initiative aimed
  at understanding human behavior in order to
  promote world peace. The two men wrote a letter
  to every world leader on the planet requesting a
  meeting with the leaders, to discuss the
  psychology of the human attraction towards
  violence.

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Solomon et al. (2000)

• Guyana leader meeting
• TM guys Did you know that politics is just fear
  of death?
• GL Gosh no, thanks for wisdom. From now on, I
  hug my enemies

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Terror Management

• How does one show that certain behaviors
  (prejudice, belief in truth, culture) are
  motivated escape from death?

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Terror Management(from Solomon et al., 2000)

• - Americans took longer, and felt more
  uncomfortable (relative to a control group),
  solving a problem that required them to use the
  American flag to sift sand out of black dyeand
  bang a nail into the wall with a crucifix
• - also more prejudice, aggression against
  outgroups (Jewish people, foreigners, etc.)

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Mortality Salience

• There are unacceptable thoughts we avoid, repress
• Ego constructs defenses against them
• E.g., belief in cultural world view
• Must come to terms with such unacceptable
  thoughts
• Not unconscious sexual desires
• Rather unconscious fears of death
• Many agree that Freud
• Too obsessed by sex motivation

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Freuds energy model

• Freud Id
• Lust, hate, sloth, short-term satisfaction
• Lots of energy
• Energy comes from instincts, drives
• Without control, id-driven behavior is

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Freuds energy model

• Freud Ego
• Channel id in accordance with long-term goals
• Dont screw yourself by reckless, stupid,
  slothful behaviors
• Size is small
• Baumeister like a high level administrator with
  a very tight budget

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Baumeister, Tice Ego Control

• Id versus ego battles
• (1) overriding bad habits (e.g., smoking)
• (2) making choices (e.g., fajitas or combo 5)
• (3) initiating action (e.g., starting paper)
• (4) optimal performance (e.g., concentrating on
  test)
• (5) affect regulation (e.g., trying to calm down
  when agitated)
• (6) thought suppression (e.g., fighting off
  negative thoughts during test)
• (7) impulse control (e.g., dieting)

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Baumeister, Tice Ego Control

• Everything that feels good is either illegal,
  immoral, or fattening
• Impulse control issues
• Substance abuse, addiction
• Crime
• Domestic violence
• Teen pregnancy
• Debt, bankruptcy
• Sexually transmitted diseases
• Smoking
• Obesity
• Under-achievement (e.g., bad grades)

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Baumeister, Tice Ego Control

• Everything that feels good is either illegal,
  immoral, or fattening
• Affect control to feel good (pleasure
  principle)
• Impulse control to pursue long-term goals
  (reality principle)
• Like a fight between id and ego
• Impulses need not have sexual or aggressive roots
  (e.g., eating fatty foods, procrastinating)
• Impulses not unconscious, at least not
  fundamentally so
• Being aware of impulses does not in itself
  provoke anxiety
• Freud horrible urges you would rather not know
  about