Dont Ask Why. Ask Why Not

1
Dont Ask Why. Ask Why Not!

• Dr. Mark H. Rossman
• Capella University
• AACIS Conference
• October 24, 2003

2
Overview

• Distance Education Pioneering the Future.
• What is a Pioneer?
• Successful Distance Education Pioneers and
  Programs.
• What The Experts Say

3
What the Experts Say(Dont Always Believe
Them!)
4
What is a Pioneer?
5
What is a Pioneer?

• Risk Taker.
• Welcomes Change.
• Open to New Ideas.
• Unafraid of the Future.

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ON EVERYTHING NEW

• Everything that can be invented has been
  invented.
• Charles H. Duell Commission of U.S. Office of
  Patents, 1899

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What is Distance Education?

• "Distance education is beset with a remarkable
  paradox - it has asserted its existence, but it
  cannot define itself.
• Shale, D.G. (1988). Toward a reconceptualization
  of distance education. The American Journal of
  Distance Education, 2 (3), 25-35.

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What is Distance Education?

• the majority of educational communication between
  teacher and learner occurs non contiguously.
• involves two-way communication between teacher
  and learner for the purpose of facilitating and
  supporting the educational process.
• uses technology to mediate the necessary two-way
  communication.

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Does DE Work?

• No Significant Difference Phenomenon
• http//teleeducation.nb.ca/significantdifference
• Dr. Thomas L. Russell
• Reviewed 355 studies related to DE since 1928

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Does DE Work?

• Sizing the Opportunity The Quality and Extent of
  Online Education in the United States, 2002 and
  2003.
• http//www.sloan-c.org/resources/index.asp.
• Over 1.6 million students took at least one
  online course during Fall 2002.
• A majority of academic leaders (57 percent)
  already believe that the learning outcomes for
  online education are equal to or superior to
  those of face-to-face instruction.

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Some Successful Distance Education Programs and
Pioneers.
12
1844 On this day (October 24) Samuel Morse
sends the first electric telegraph message
What Hath God Wrought?
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I watched his countenance closely to see if he
was deranged . . . and was assured by other
Senators after we left the room that they had no
confidence in it.

• 1842 - Senator Oliver Hampton Smith. After a
  demonstration by Morse to members of Congress.

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1873 - Anna Tickner establishes the Society to
Encourage Studies at Home in Boston, MA, to
provide educational opportunities for women
across class boundaries.

• Anna Tickner - the mother of American
  correspondence study."

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Lack of interactivity.

• Roblyer, M. (1996). Is research giving us the
  questions (and answers) we need? Learning and
  Leading with Technology, 24(1), 14-18

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1876 - Alexander Graham Bell patents the
telephone.
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ON TELEPHONES

• That is an amazing invention, but who would ever
  want to use one of them ?
• President Rutherford B. Hayes, 1876

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1883 - The State of New York authorizes degrees
by correspondence at the Chautauqua Institute.

• Chautauqua trained Sunday school teachers during
  the summer and then completed training through
  correspondence study during the winter.

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1890 - The Colliery Engineer School of Mines
begins a home study course on mine safety in
Wilkes-Barre, PA.

• 1891. It evolves into the International
  Correspondence Schools (ICS), providing training
  by correspondence to mine, railroad and iron
  workers.
• 1923. ICS has enrolled over 2.5 million students
  in its courses.
• Today ICS is the largest commercial provider of
  home study courses in the U.S. today.

20
1892 - William Rainey Harper establishes the
first college-level courses by mail at the
University of Chicago creating the world's first
university distance education program.

21
1896 - Italian physicist Marchese Guglielmo
Marconi invents the wireless telegraph (radio).
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Radio (wireless telegraph) has no future.

• 1897 Lord Kelvin. British mathematician and
  physicist, former President of the Royal Society.

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THE AIRPLANE

• Heavier-than- air flying machines are
  impossible.
• Lord Kelvin,President, Royal Society, 1895

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1906 - The Calvert School of Baltimore becomes
the first elementary school in the United States
to offer correspondence study.
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1915 - The National University Continuing
Education Association (NUCEA) is formed at the
University of Wisconsin at Madison to coordinate
the correspondence and extension courses of its
member schools.
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1920 - The United States Marine Corps begins
enrolling troops in correspondence courses
through the Marine Corps Institute.
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1921-22 - The first educational radio licenses
are granted to the University of Salt Lake City,
the University of Wisconsin and the University of
Minnesota. Pennsylvania State College broadcasts
courses over the radio.
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ON RADIO

• The radio craze.will die out in time.
• Thomas Alva Edison, 1922

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1923 - Russian immigrant Vladimir Zworykin
patents the first practical television camera
tube, the iconoscope.

• Most historians credit Zworykin as "the father of
  television."

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For Gods sake go down to reception and get
rid of a lunatic whos down there. He claims hes
got a machine for seeing by wireless. Watch him
he might have a razor on him.

• 1925. Editor of the Daily Express, London,
  refusing to see John Logie Baird, who many credit
  with the invention of television.

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1934 - Already one of the first colleges to offer
radio courses for credit, the State University of
Iowa becomes the first educational institution to
broadcast courses via television.
 
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ON TELEVISION

• Video wont soon be able to hold onto any
  market it captures after the first six months.
  People will soon get tired of staring at a
  plywood box every night
• Darryl F. Zanuck, 1946

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In 1939, George Stibitz and S.B. Williams built
the Complex Number Calculator, the world's first
electrical digital computer.

• Its brain consisted of 450 telephone relays and
  10 crossbar switches and it could find the
  quotient of two eight-place complex numbers in
  about 30 seconds.
• Three teletypewriters provided input to the
  machine.

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COMPUTERS- 1949

• Computers in the future may weigh no more than
  1.5 tons
• Popular Mechanics, forecasting the relentless
  march of science, 1949

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1963 - The Instructional Television Fixed Service
(ITFS) is created as a result of a Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) resolution
reserving selected transmission frequencies to be
licensed to local credit-granting institutions
for educational purposes.
36
1967 - President Lyndon Johnson signs the Public
Broadcasting Act  authorizing the creation of
the Corporation for Public Broadcasting to
promote non-commercial use of television and
radio.
 
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1969 - The British Open University established
as a fully autonomous, degree-granting
institution.

• Any learner may enroll regardless of previous
  educational background or experience.
• Currently more than 200,000 are enrolled.
• More than 2 million people have enrolled.

38
1970 Malcolm Knowles published The Modern
Practice of Adult Education Andragogy vs.
Pedagogy

• 1980 version subtitled From Pedagogy to
  Andragogy.
• An idea who time has come, again!
• A philosophy and a process appropriate for DE
  programs.
• The art science of helping adults learn.

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Andragogy - Assumptions
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Andragogy - Process

• Climate Setting
• Planning
• Diagnosis of needs
• Setting Objectives

• Designing Learning Formats
• Creating Learning Activities
• Evaluation

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1971 - The microprocessor is invented by Intel.
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THE COMPUTER-1977

• There is no reason anyone would want a computer
  in their home.
• Ken Olson, President . Chairman and Founder of
  Digital Equipment Corp., 1977

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1978 - The first computer Bulletin Board Systems
(BBS) is established.
44
1979 University of Phoenix Accredited by NCA

• John Sperling, Ph.D. founder. Chairman of the
  Apollo Group Inc., a Nasdaq-traded holding
  company with a market cap of 7.5 billion.
• 160,000 currently enrolled.
• 41 campuses in US and abroad.
• 30 annual increase in enrollment.

45
1979 - If the University of Phoenix is
accredited, well leave NCA.

• A statement made by officials at Arizona State
  University threatened by UOP.

46
1981 Annenberg/Corporation for Public
Broadcasting (CPB) begins funding the development
of television courses.
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The time has come once again to speak of
technology replacing the teacher.

• 1985 - ITV Futures Planning Group, p. iii-3-4,
  LEARNING TECHNOLOGY ISSUES FOR THE FUTURE.
  Unpublished monograph.

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1984 - The first online undergraduate courses are
delivered by the New Jersey Institute of
Technology.
49
1985 - National Technological University (NTU)
opens as an accredited university offering
graduate and continuing education courses in
engineering and awarding its own degrees. Courses
are uplinked to NTU by satellite from an
originating university and then redistributed by
satellite by NTU.
50
1989- Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide
Web, an internet-based hypermedia initiative for
global information sharing, while working at
CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory.
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An early criticism of the World Wide Web was
that an abundance of online trivia obscured sites
of any informational value.

• Stuart Peters. Finding information on the World
  Wide Web. Vol. 20. Sociological Research Online.
  http//www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/sru/SRU20.html

52
1993 Capella University (then called The
Graduate School of America) was founded by Steve
Shank and Harold Abel.
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Capella University Today

• Number of Learners 10000
• Number of Faculty 500
• Number of Alumni
  1300
• Number of Degrees/Certificates 80
• Number of On-line Courses 575
• Number of Specializations 38

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The Capella Way

• Built around the learners needs and schedule
• Based on principles of an active adult learning
  community (Andragogy)
• Education that can be applied to work today
• Faculty from Professor to Partner
• A level of interaction higher than a traditional
  classroom

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1997 - The California Virtual University, opens
with 15001500 online courses.1999 - The US
Department of Education establishes the Distance
Learning Education Demonstration Program which
will serve as a pilot program of 15
post-secondary schools, systems and consortia
permitted to offer federal financial aid for
distance learning programs.
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2000 AND BEYOND

• Abundance of personal computers distance
  learning is a fact of life in todays digital
  world.

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Shaw, George Bernard 1856 - 1950

• You see things and you say, 'Why?' But I dream
  things that never were and I say, "Why not?"
• "Back to Methuselah" (1921), part 1, act 1

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Thank you!

• Dr. Mark H. Rossman
• mrossman_at_capella.edu
• 1-888-CAPELLA, ext 5217