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Carbohydrate Nutrition of Canines

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Title: Carbohydrate Nutrition of Canines


1
Carbohydrate Nutrition of Canines
2
Carbohydrates
  • Major energy-containing constituents of plant
    material
  • 60-90 of plant DM
  • Cellulose is most abundant CHO in nature
  • Animals have no specific reqt. for CHO
  • In spite of physiological significance of glucose
  • Sufficient precursors (AA, glycerol), dogs can
    synthesize glucose
  • gluconeogensis

3
Carbohydrates
  • Certain physiological states require more glucose
  • Necessary for nerve, blood, and mammary cell
    synthesis
  • While not an essential nutrient, important in
    feed formulation
  • Inexpensive, used in extrusion to maintain shape,
    gelling agents in canned dog food

4
Classification of CHO
  • Monosaccharides simple sugars containing single
    unit (glucose, fructose, galactose)
  • Disaccharides 2 monosaccharides linked together
    (sucrose, lactose-only CHO of animal origin)

5
Classification of CHO
  • Oligosaccharides 3-80 units with /-
    nutritional properties
  • Polysaccharides multiple monosaccharides linked
    together in long, complex chains
  • Starch main CHO in pet food (hydrolytically
    digested)
  • Cellulose, Hemicelluose, Lignin, Pectin, Gums
    structural CHO or fiber (fermentatively digested)

6
Polysaccharides
  • Most common type of CHO in pet foods
  • Largest single type of CHO found in pet food is
    STARCH
  • Economical and available
  • Supplied by plant feedstuffs (corn, rice, wheat)

7
Evaluation of selected high starch flours as
ingredients in canine diets
  • Background
  • Cereal grain represent 30-60 DM of many pet
    diets
  • Starch component can be an excellent source of
    energy
  • Form of starch is variable and the result is
    incomplete digestion
  • Digestibility ? with cooking/processing
  • Effect of extrusion not extensive investigate
    prior to this research effort

8
Evaluation of selected high starch flours as
ingredients in canine diets
  • Objectives
  • Quantify amount of different starch fractions in
    cereal flours
  • Alone and part of extruded dog diet
  • Determine effects of addition on nutrient
    digestion
  • Prior to terminal ileum (hydrolytic digestion)
  • Total tract (hydrolytic and fermentative
    digestion)

9
Evaluation of selected high starch flours as
ingredients in canine diets
  • Results (see tables in text)

10
Glycogen
  • Primary storage CHO in animal tissues
  • Glycogen loading of athletes high CHO intakes
    and submaximal training strategies shown to
    increase muscle glycogen storage and prolonged
    exercise intensities
  • humans

11
Glycogen
  • Loading not effective in dogsWHY?
  • CHO loading ? fecal bulk
  • Increasing CHO ? energy density
  • Canine athletes rely more heavily on lipid (fat)
    metabolism
  • Downey et al. found that CHO intake was
    negatively correlated with endurance time of
    Beagles (fat spared glycogen in muscle)
  • Reynolds et al. observed that sled dogs fed high
    fat diets used less muscle glycogen than those
    fed a high CHO diet
  • Glycogen sparing more effective
  • Remember glycogen depletion deterioration in
    performance

12
Dietary Fiber
  • Definition structural CHO resistant to
    digestion by mammalian intestinal enzymes
  • Bond configuration
  • Resists enzymatic hydrolysis to monosaccharides
  • Components pectin, hemicellulose, cellulose,
    gums, and lignin (only non-CHO fiber)
  • Methodologies crude fiber, detergent fiber,
    total dietary fiber (soluble vs. insoluble
    distinction)

13
Action of fiber in GIT of dogs
  • Food intake and nutrient digestion
  • Byproducts such as fruit pomaces at 8 of diet
    will decrease digestibility
  • Viscosity of ileal digesta prevents nutrient
    digestion/absorption
  • Beet pulp added at 8 does not alter digestion
  • Energy diluent
  • Food intake is not altered when fiber added at
    these physiological concentrations

14
Action of fiber in GIT of dogs
  • Intestinal Transit Time
  • Viscous, soluble fibers (pectin, gums) slow TT
  • Insoluble (bulk) fiber can increase TT by as much
    as 50

15
Action of fiber in GIT of dogs
  • Fermentation
  • Fibers vary on rate and extent of fermentation
  • Major endproducts of fermentation SCFA
    (short-chain fatty acids)
  • Acetate, propionate, butyrate
  • Health benefits (discussed later)

16
Action of fiber in GIT of dogs
  • SCFA
  • Dogs cannot use to extent ruminants canare still
    important energy source
  • Cells of large intestine are very active and have
    a high turnover rate
  • Cells rely on SCFA as energy source to regenerate
    new intestinal cells

17
Dietary Fiber Fermentation in Dogs
18
Action of fiber in GIT of dogs
  • Insoluble fiber (lowly fermentable)
  • Bulk
  • Satiety
  • Improve intestinal tract motility to maintain
    optimal transit time through the intestinal tract
  • Soluble fiber (moderately to highly fermentable)
  • Delays gastric emptying
  • Increases fermentation and SCFA production

19
Incorporating fiber into pet food diets
  • Generally, most standard diets will contain 4-6
    fiber
  • Premium pet foods intestinal health
  • Generic pet foods least cost formulation (so
    may exceed 6 fiber)
  • What type of fiber should be used?
  • Single source should provide good stool
    characteristics w/o significantly decreasing
    nutrient digestibility

20
Incorporating fiber into pet food diets
  • Fiber blends have been formulated to simulate
    ideal fiber
  • 80 insoluble and 20 soluble
  • BUT, some insoluble fibers too unfermentable
    (peanut hulls) and some soluble fibers too
    fermentable (liquid stools)
  • This blending alleviates necessity of finding
    single fiber source and expands number of
    potentially beneficial fiber sources

21
Fibers used in pet food industry
  • Grain co-products (rice bran, soy hulls, wheat
    middlings, corn gluten feed)
  • Pomaces (apple, grape, tomato)
  • Wood cellulose (not fermentable)
  • Peanut hulls (not fermentable)
  • Beet pulp (standard fiber source)
  • Gums

22
Oligosaccharides (OS)
  • Definition Glycosides (CHO) of 3 to 10
    monosaccharide units
  • Contain unique glycosidic linkages, OS are
    INDIGESTIBLE in small intestine
  • fermentable

23
Where do they come from?
  • Enzymatic synthesis from simple sugars
  • Lactose in high concentrations will form
    transgalactooligosaccharide (TOS)
  • Controlled hydrolysis of polysaccharides
  • Inulin ? Fructooligosaccharide (FOS)
  • Extraction from plant material
  • Soybean OS (raffinose, stachyose, verbascose)

24
Properties of OS
  • Not pure
  • Mixtures of different chain lengths
  • Contain mono and disaccharides
  • Contain parent compound
  • Water soluble
  • Mildly sweet (0.5 times that of sucrose)

25
Properties of OS
  • Energy value of 1.5 to 2.3 kcal/g
  • Less efficient source due to fermentation
  • Some are PREBIOTICS
  • Indigestible food ingredient that positively
    effects the host by selectively increasing
    beneficial bacteria in the gut

26
Significance of OS in companion animal nutrition
  • Prebiotic OS are fermented in the colon where
    they selectively stimulate health-promoting
    bacterial populations
  • At the expense of deleterious bacteria
  • Beneficial bacteria Bifidobacteria,
    Lactobacilli, Eubacteria
  • Deleterious bacteria Staphylococci, Clostridia
  • Neutral bacteria Streptococci, Bacteroides, E.
    coli (not all are bad)

27
Why do beneficial bacteria increase?
  • These good bacteria grow best on easily
    fermentable substances (OS!)
  • As they grow, they produce lactate
  • Acidic product which decreases intestinal pH
  • Bad bacteria decrease
  • WHY?
  • Can not survive at low pH
  • Have no where to bind to on intestinal wall
    because good bacteria are occupying binding sites

28
Bifidobacteria
  • Associated with reduced susceptibility to enteric
    pathogens and intestinal disease
  • Reduces the concentrations of gut ammonia,
    amines, and phenols (toxins that are a source of
    odor and can be carcinogenic)
  • Stimulate immune function (antibody levels)
  • Enhance mineral absorption by as much as 40

29
Adverse effects of OS in pet food diets
  • At high supplementation levels
  • Loosely formed stools
  • Flatulence
  • Abdominal pain

30
Do natural foodstuffs contain OS?
  • Wheat
  • Middlings (0.5)
  • Bran (0.4)
  • Germ (0.5)
  • Peanut hulls (0.3)
  • Barley (0.2)
  • Soybean meal (1.5)

31
Considerations in feeding OS to pets
  • Consider the type of pet being fed
  • Cats less fermentative capacity than dogs
  • Consider the age of animal being fed
  • Geriatric population tends to have less desirable
    intestinal microbial balance (deleteriousgtbenefici
    al)
  • Geriatric population more prone to intestinal
    diseases

32
Considerations in feeding OS to pets
  • Consider the type of diet being fed
  • Plant-based diets will contain more OS
  • Usefulness of OS may be increased in high
    protein, meat based diets
  • WHY?
  • High protein diets result in increased production
    of odorous compounds which may increase risk of
    cancer
  • High protein diets are low in fermentable CHO
    which results in higher colon pH
  • Higher pH is associated with increased
    concentrations of deleterious bacteria

33
Considerations in feeding OS to pets
  • Determine the level of OS to supplement
  • Minimize potential side effects
  • Gradual adaptation to OS is advised
  • About a week prevents flatulence, diarrhea, etc.
  • OS must be consumed on a regular basis to be
    effective
  • To maintain beneficial bacteria populations

34
Recommendations for feeding OS
  • Studies have shown levels between 0.1 to 10
  • Remember, these products are expensive!
  • Generally see 0.1 to 0.5 inclusion rates
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