Emotional Feelings and Drug Addictions

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Emotional Feelings and Drug Addictions

• Jaak Panksepp Jeff Burgdorf
• J.P. Scott Center for
• Neuroscience, Mind and Behavior
• Department of Psychology
• Bowling Green State University
• Falk Center for Molecular Therapeutics,
• Northwestern University

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Mental Processes Addictions

• Psychology has become the
• impoverished step-child in
• the neuroscience crusade to
• understand addictions.

Because we have neglected the Neuroscience of
Affective Feelings
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Amphetamine induced euphoria

• A PET study with the DA receptor antagonist
  raclopride
• DA binding in the accumbens was associated with
  drug induced euphoria.

Drevets WC et al. (2001) Amphetamine-induced
dopamine release in human ventral striatum
correlates with euphoria. Biological Psychiatry,
49, 81-96.
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Intranasal Methylphenidate administration
Drug vs. Choice Arousal
Drug Liking
Stoops, Glaser Rush (2003). Drug and Alcohol
Dependence, 71 179-186.
5
From Volkow, Fowler Wang (2002)
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"We might well ask would drug addiction exist if
drugs did not change our internal
feelings?" Panksepp, J (2002) Foreword "The
Evolutionary Neuroethology of Paul MacLean" (G.A
Gory R. Gardner, eds), Praeger, London. (p.
xx)
7
"We might well ask would drug addiction exist if
drugs did not change our internal
feelings?" Panksepp, J (2002) Foreword "The
Evolutionary Neuroethology of Paul MacLean" (G.A
Gory R. Gardner, eds), Praeger, London. (p.
xx) "Clearly the answer is NO -- and not only
for members of our own species."
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Some Obvious Theses Concerning Brain, Mind
Emotions

• The fundamental emotional/affective systems of
  the mind reflect various evolutionarily adaptive
  functions of the brain.
• In our modern search to understand the nature of
  the mind, we neuroscientists often choose to
  forget that a key function of the brain is to
  generate psychological processes that regulate
  behavior.
• Thinking, perceiving, feeling, and behaving (and
  getting addicted) are not just properties of
  brain molecules. To understand how brains
  generate addictions we do need psychological
  perspectives.

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To understand drug addiction we must understand
the nature of affective processes.
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To understand drug addiction we must understand
the nature of affective processes.
Affective states of the nervous system
are emergent evolutionary properties of complex
neural dynamics that need to be properly
conceptualized and linked to the concrete (and
multi-dimensional) brain processes from which
they emerge.
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What is the Nature of Affect? (A Rough
Taxonomy)

• 1) Pleasures Pains of Sensation
• (Consummatory Rewards, Drives,
  Punishments)
• 2) Emotional/Affective Arousals
• (Causal Core--Instinctual Brain Action
  Systems)
• 3) Post Arousal Relief/Satisfaction/Distress
• (Homeostatic Moods)

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Oxford University Press, 1998
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Perhaps the only comprehensive survey of
how affective processes emerge from
neural activities
Oxford University Press, 1998
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Conjecture If Human pipe dreams (or subjective
reality) were not more enticing than external
reality there would be no addictions.
Addictions do not exist without changes in
affective feelings (various experiences of
goodness and badness)
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Panksepp Bishop (1981). Brain Res Bull, 7,
405-410.
Mu Opioids Endorphins (Long-term ) Delta
Opioids Enkephalins (Short-term ) Kappa
Opioids Dynorphins (Aversive)
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Lets Start With Banana Addiction
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Lets Start With Banana Addiction
Brain Opioids and the Pleasure of Sensation
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But Pleasure is a Fuzzy Concept
There are many different kinds of Pleasure
For instance, pleasures of companionship
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Lets Consider Social Addiction
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Attachment / Social Bonding
Chemistries
Intersubjectivity
Opioids (1970s) Oxytocin (1990s) Prolactin
(soon)
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Attachment / Social Bonding
Chemistries
Social bonding may be an addictive process
Opioids (1970s) Oxytocin (1990s) Prolactin
(soon)
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Brain Opioids and the Pleasure of Social Feelings
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CONTACT COMFORT
Brain Opioid Receptors blocked by naloxone
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(No Transcript)
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Panksepp, et al. (1978). Biol. Psychiatry, 9,
213-220.
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Panksepp, J. (2003). Science, Oct 10th.
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Implications One reason people get addicted to
opiates is because they experience a level of
social pain (isolation-distress)which makes
opiates especially attractive because they
provide comfort.
Addiction is not just a matter of pleasure and
distress alleviation
It is also a matter of Desire
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Desire/Seeking System
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SEEKING System
Jim Olds
Reward, Pleasure, Reinforcement System
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History of the Theories of Brain-Stimulation
REWARD   Reward, Reinforcement Pleasure
(Olds, et al. 1954-Present)   Dual Process
Hypothesis Drive and Reward (Deutsch,
1963).   Ethological Approach Avoidance
(Glickman Schiff, 1967)   Unified Incentive
Hypothesis (Trowill, Panksepp Gandelman ,
1969)   Full Plasticity of the Underlying
Substrates (Valenstein et al., 1970)
Learning  
BRAIN Dopamine Systems
characterized Unified Hedonia/Pleasure Concept
(Wise, 1982RIP 1993) Wanting/Liking Concept
(Robinson Berridge, 1993-present)   Foraging/Exp
ectancy/SEEKING Concept (Panksepp, 1971-present)
STATE views    Information-Processing views
1990 Present,Reward Prediction Error (Schultz)
Associative processes in addiction (Everitt
Robbins) etc, etc, etc.
Consensus Mesolimbic/Mesocortical Dopamine
Pathways are involved in appetitive motivation
rather than consummatory reward
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The Dopamine part of it
Anatomy of the Desire/SEEKING System
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Appetitive and Consummatory Behavior after DA
blockade in the Nuc. Accumbens
Wanting-SEEKING Liking
cis-flupentixol
Ikemoto, S. Panksepp, J. 1996 Behav. Neurosci.,
110, 331-345.
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Data according to Knutson et al. (2001)
Human brain Anticipating monetary reward
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Use-Dependent Plasticity

• Sensitization of the
• SEEKING System

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I want it. . .
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I want it. . .

• And I want it NOW!

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Amphetamine Sensitization
200
100
180
80
160
60
140
40
120
20
100
80
0
60
-20
40
-40
20
Food Seeking
0
Amphetamine CPP
2x Sal
2x Am5.0
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
(Nocjar Panksepp 2002)
-40
Sexual Pursuit
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ADHD, Childhood Impulsivity PLAY
ADHD Kids are a bit short in the Frontal Lobes
(5).
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Panksepp, et al. (2002) Consciousness Emotion,
3 7-19.
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Sensitization
VEHICLE
METHYLPHENIDATE
Panksepp, et al. (2002) Consciousness Emotion,
3 7-19.
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How Do You Measure Positive Feelings in Animals?
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Measurement of positive emotion

• Humans
• Subjective self report
• Facial vocal displays
  (i.e. Duchenne smile)
• Approach behavior
• Other Animals
• Emotional Actions
• Facial vocal displays
• Approach behavior

ty.cooldog.com/images/SixMonth/
SittingUp5.jpg
Gallery .c onsumerreview.com/
pcphoto/480/56687.jpg
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Play as an index of joy in rats

• All mammals tested engage in vigorous play
  behavior during adolescence.
• Rats find rough-and- tumble (RAT) play to be
  highly rewarding.
• We monitor RAT play primarily by counting dorsal
  contacts and pinning behaviors.

Dorsal contact
www.epub.org.br/cm/n13/mente/ laughter/rat17.jpg

exn.ca/news/Images/ 19980505-ratpin.jpg
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Ultrasonic Calls an overview
Knutson, Burgdorf Panksepp (2002).
Psychological Bulletin, 128 961-977.
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50-kHz callsa rat model of positive emotions?

• 50-kHz chirps are elicited by a wide variety of
  rewards.

Animal Laughter?
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50-kHz callsa rat model of positive emotions?

• Panksepp Burgdorf (2003). Laughing rats and
  the evolutionary antecedents of human joy,
  Physiology Behavior, 79 533-547.
• Aversive stimuli suppress 50-kHz chirps

Animal Laughter?
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Ultrasonic CallsAffective self-report
Pleasureable Drugs
Positive Affect Sounds
Aversive Drugs
Negative Affect Sounds
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Drug reward and aversion
50 kHz Appetitive Chirps
22 kHz Aversive Squeals
Burgdorf, J. et al. (2001) Psychopharmacology,
155, 35-42.
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Anticipation of reward
From Burgdorf, Knutson Panksepp (2000)
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Dopamine helps trigger 50-kHz Calls
From Burgdorf, Knutson, Ikemoto Panksepp (2001)
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An understanding of affectiveprocesses may be
essentialfor understanding addictions.
Concluding thought
Raw feeling go far back in brain evolution
Affects are created by ancient brain chemistries
that control basic emotions and
motivations-- the primordial forms of
consciousness?
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Panksepp, J. (2004). Textbook of Biological
Psychiatry, Wiley
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Crayfish - 5 day AMPH conditioning

• P(striped) .42?.018
• P(white) .58?.018
• t(12) 4.2, P0.001

Panksepp, J.B. et al., (2004) Behav. Br. Res. In
Press
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William Jamess view of Plasticity We are
spinning our own fates, good or evil, and never
to be undone. . .The drunken Rip Van
Winkle excuses himself for every fresh
dereliction by saying I wont count this time!
Well! he may not count it, and a kind Heaven
may not count it but it is being counted none
the less. Down among his nerve cells and fibres
the molecules are counting it, registering and
storing it up to be used against him when the
next temptation comes.