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Title: Topic 5Paul


1
Topic 5 Pauls Missionary Career
  • The Dark Years
  • First Missionary Journey
  • Jerusalem Conference (Apostolic Council)
  • Second Missionary Journey
  • Third Missionary Journey
  • Arrest, Journey to Rome, and Death

2
A. The Dark Years (c. 34-48?) Gal. 116-24
Acts 920-30
  • Arabia (Gal. 116-17)
  • After conversion, went not to Jerusalem but to
    Arabia for up to 3 years then returned to
    Damascus.
  • Arabia Nabatean Kingdom ruled by King Aretas IV
    at Petra.
  • Activity unclear meditating on conversion or
    evangelizing?
  • Acts totally omits this trip goes directly from
    Damascus to Jerusalem many days after
    conversion.
  • Damascus (Gal. 117 cf. Acts 920-25)
  • Returned to Damascus (implies conversion was
    there).
  • Acts 920-25 has Paul preaching many days in
    Damascus, then escaping a Jewish plot by going
    over the wall in a basket.
  • Cf. 2 Cor. 1132-33 has similar escape from
    Damascus, except that threat is not Jews but
    governor under Aretas.
  • This escape from Damascus was a humiliating
    event dated c. 37-39).

3
A. The Dark Years (c. 34-48?) Gal. 116-24
Acts 920-30
  • Jerusalem (Gal. 118-20 cf. Acts 926-28)
  • After 3 years went to Jerusalem (3 years after
    conversion or after return to Damascus?).
  • Paul insists this was a private visit with Cephas
    (Peter) of others saw only James may have
    received gospel traditions.
  • Acts places this visit many days after
    conversion describes as very public visit (warns
    us not to take Luke too literally).
  • Syria and Cilicia / Tarsus (Gal. 121-24 cf.
    Acts 929-30)
  • This is back home (only Acts mentions Tarsus,
    capital of Cilicia).
  • Some 11-14 years pass here (unclear whether 14
    years in Gal. 21 includes the previous 3
    years).
  • Already proclaiming the gospel details of
    work unrecorded.
  • Antioch (Acts 1122-30 1225 cf. Gal. 211)
  • After founding of Antioch church, Barnabas
    fetches Paul from Tarsus to work with Gentile
    mission there.
  • After brief famine-relief visit to Jerusalem
    (Acts 1127-30 1225), stage is now set for
    Acts three missionary journeys.

4
B. First Missionary Journey (Acts 13-14) c.
48-49
  • (Note Luke arranges Pauls work into 3
    circular journeys, each beginning in Antioch.
    Doubtful Paul conceived his work that way.)
  • Antioch (131-3) Barnabas Saul sent out.
  • Cyprus (134-12)
  • Accompanied by John Mark, Barnabas cousin.
  • Encounter with Jewish magician named Elymas or
    Bar-Jesus.
  • Conversion of proconsul Sergius Paulus.
  • Switch from Saul to Paul (v. 9).
  • Pisidian Antioch (1313-52)
  • John Mark abandons at Perga.
  • Long synagogue sermon Jesus as fulfillment of
    Scripture.
  • Attracts crowds of Jews, God-fearers, and
    proselytes.
  • Hostile Jews reject gospel Paul turns to
    Gentiles frequent theme in Acts (v. 45-48 cf.
    185-6 2825-28).

5
B. First Missionary Journey (Acts 13-14) c.
48-49
  • Iconium (141-7)
  • Preaches in synagogue Jewish opposition builds.
  • Attempt to stone forces them to flee.
  • Lystra (148-19)
  • No synagogue mentioned very pagan city.
  • Gentiles worship Barnabas and Paul as Zeus and
    Hermes.
  • Reflects local myth of Baucis Philemon
    elderly couple who showed hospitality to Zeus
    Hermes received immortality.
  • Sermon on living God who is Creator and Provider.
  • Jews from Antioch Iconium stone Paul and leave
    him for dead (cf. 2 Cor.1124-27).
  • Derbe and return to Antioch (1420-28)
  • Revisit previous cities return to Antioch.
  • Success among Gentiles stirs controversy over
    whether to impose circumcision.
  • Sets stage for Apostolic Council (Jerusalem
    Conference).

6
Jerusalem Conference (Apostolic Council) c. 49
  • Sources and problems of reconstruction
  • Do Gal. 21-10 and Acts 151-29 report same
    event?
  • Similarities Both report meeting of Antioch and
    Jerusalem leaders, who agree not to impose
    circumcision on Gentiles.
  • Differences raise question whether they report
    same event.
  • Acts reports a compromise agreement on 3 ritual
    restrictions on Gentiles (Apostolic Decree).
  • Gal. leaves no room for such compromise.
  • In spite of differences, 2 such meetings seem
    unlikely.
  • How do we match visits to Jerusalem in Acts with
    those in letters? (See Horrell, pp. 34-35.)
  • Gal. 2 is Pauls 2nd visit to Jerusalem after
    conversion.
  • Acts 15 is his 3rd visit.
  • Conclusion
  • Minority Gal. 2 and Acts 15 report 2 different
    meetings on circumcision (Bruce).
  • Majority most take as differing accounts of same
    meeting.
  • No consensus where to place meeting
    chronologically.

7
C. Jerusalem Conference (Apostolic Council) c.
49
  • Central issue circumcision of Gentiles
  • Issue Must Gentile Christians be circumcised?
  • Circumcision key ritual marking Jews as Jews.
  • Some in Jerusalem were demanding circumcision of
    Gentile converts.
  • Case for Biblical (Gen. 17) sign of covenant
    sign of submission to Gods commandments Jesus
    and earliest Christians were circumcised Jews.
  • Against sign of legalism and exclusivism makes
    law rather than faith the way of salvation
    excludes Gentiles, on whom Spirit had been
    conferred by faith hinders the mission of
    bringing Gentiles into worship of Israels God.
  • Key players and positions
  • Antioch
  • Paul, Barnabas, Titus.
  • Had not been requiring circumcision.
  • Jerusalem
  • Peter, John, James (Jesus brother).
  • No real Gentile mission some wanted Antioch to
    require circumcision.

8
C. Jerusalem Conference (Apostolic Council) c.
49
  • 2. Central issue circumcision of Gentiles
    cont.
  • c. Decision Circumcision not to be imposed on
    Gentiles.
  • Gal. 2 emphasizes full recognition of Pauls
    law-free gospel.
  • They added nothing to me (v. 6).
  • They gave Barnabas and me the right hand of
    fellowship (v. 9).
  • Titus was not compelled to be circumcised (v.
    3).
  • Acts 15 places this decision on lips of Peter and
    James (v. 10-11, 19).
  • d. Significance most important event in history
    of early church
  • Allowed Gentile mission to go forward free from
    Jewish law.
  • Preserved essential unity of the church.
  • Paved way for eventual separation of Judaism
    Christianity.
  • BUT did not finally settle the Gentile issue
    conservative faction continues to demand
    circumcision,

9
C. Jerusalem Conference (Apostolic Council) c.
49
  • 3. Two side issues (only in Gal.)
  • Division of labor (Gal. 29)
  • Agreed that Paul and Barnabas would go to
    Gentiles while Jerusalem apostles would go to
    Jews.
  • Not a strict delimitation of territory but
    agreement to mutually respect the thrust of each
    others mission.
  • Request to remember the poor (Gal. 210)
  • Jerusalem apostles requested and Paul agreed to
    remember the poor apparently in Jerus.
    church.
  • Origin of Pauls collection for Jerusalem church
    (cf. 1 Cor. 161-4 2 Cor. 8-9 Rom. 1525-27).
  • Symbolized unity of church Jews and Gentiles
    acknowledge mutual inclusion in one church of
    Christ.
  • Ultimately symbolized the eschatological coming
    of the Gentiles to Jerusalem to acknowledge
    Israels God (cf. Isa. 2).
  • Paul hoped this would make Jews jealous and
    provoke their conversion (Rom. 11).
  • Not mentioned in Acts 15, though collection may
    be vaguely alluded to in Acts 2417.

10
C. Jerusalem Conference (Apostolic Council) c.
49
  • 4. The Apostolic Decree (only in Acts 1519-20,
    28-29 2125)
  • Refers to three minimum restrictions on Gentiles
    in lieu of circumcision and keeping whole law,
    Gentiles must abstain from
  • Pollutions of idols food sacrificed to idols.
  • Unchastity sexual immorality.
  • Things strangled and blood meat not ritually
    slaughtered.
  • Seems to be based on rabbinic doctrine of
    Noachian Covenant.
  • From Lev. 18-19, rabbis deduced certain minimal
    purity laws binding on Gentiles who had contact
    with Jews.
  • Luke represents these minimal restrictions as
    adopted by early church to give uncircumcised
    Gentile Christians a way of having fellowship
    with Jewish Christians still keeping Torah.
  • Apostolic Decree is historically problematic at
    Jerusalem Conf.
  • Acts 15 says it was proposed by James agreed to
    by all parties communicated in letter carried by
    Paul and Barnabas to Antioch.
  • But Acts 2125 mentions the Decree and letter as
    if for first time.
  • In the letters, Paul shows no awareness of the
    Decree
  • Gal. 2 does not mention it and even rules it out
    (v. 6).
  • Paul elsewhere treats idol meat as matter of
    indifference (1 Cor. 8-10).
  • Conclusion
  • Probably misplaced in Acts 15 as part of
    Jerusalem Conference.
  • Probably formulated later by James as policy of
    Jerusalem Church adopted by Antioch as
    compromise.

11
C. Jerusalem Conference (Apostolic Council) c.
49
  • The Incident in Antioch (only Gal. 211-14)
  • Visit of Cephas (Peter) to Antioch after Jerus.
    Conf.
  • At first, had table fellowship with Gentile
    Christians.
  • Under pressure from emissaries of James,
    separated from Gentiles.
  • Other Jewish Christians (even Barnabas) followed
    suit, splitting church between Jews and Gentiles.
  • Outcome is unclear.
  • Paul says he publicly opposed Peter, but does not
    say the church took his side.
  • Possibly Paul lost this round found himself
    isolated and went independent.
  • From this point on, has little contact with
    Antioch and strained relations with Barnabas.

12
D. Second Missionary Journey (Acts 1536-1822)
c. 49-52
  • Departure from Antioch (Acts 1536-41)
  • Break with Barnabas over John Mark (cf. incident
    in Antioch).
  • Paul takes Silas (Silvanus) heads back through
    Asia Minor.
  • Derbe and Lystra (161-5)
  • Joined by Timothy (cf. Phil. 219-22), whom Paul
    circumcises.
  • Historically questionable (cf. Gal. 51-12 1
    Cor. 718 Col. 11 411).
  • Troas (166-10)
  • Guided by Spirit through N or S Galatia to Troas.
  • Macedonian call Vision of Macedonian man
    calling him over.
  • V. 10 introduces first we-passage in Acts
    (1610-17 205-2118 271-2816)
  • Personal participation of author (eyewitness
    Luke?).
  • Use of a source (travelogue or diary of
    journeys).
  • Vivid style.

13
D. Second Missionary Journey (Acts 1536-1822)
c. 49-52
  • Philippi (1611-40)
  • Was leading city of Macedonia and Roman colony.
  • Three episodes
  • Conversion of Lydia God-fearer seller of
    purple.
  • Exorcism of slave-girl angry owners incite
    crowd Paul and Silas arrested.
  • Conversion of jailer praying/singing at
    midnight earthquake conversion.
  • Released by magistrates leaves via Egnatian Way
    a major route to Rome.
  • Thessalonica (171-10) capital of Macedonia
  • Preaches 3 weeks in synagogue converts mainly
    God-fearers.
  • Jewish opposition forces Paul to sneak out by
    night.
  • Soon receives Pauls earliest letter.
  • Beroea (1710-15)
  • Jewish hostility again forces Paul out, leaving
    Silas Timothy behind (but cf. 1 Thess. 31,
    where Timothy accompanies to Athens).
  • Abandons Egnatian Way and heads to Athens.

14
D. Second Missionary Journey (Acts 1536-1822)
c. 49-52
  • Athens (1716-33)
  • Center of classical Greek culture full of gods,
    temples, statues, philosophers.
  • Paul preaches in synagogue and marketplace
    (agora).
  • Philosophers misunderstood him as preaching a new
    pair of deities (Jesus and Resurrection).
  • Seized, taken to Areopagus (Mars Hill)
    ambiguities
  • Did they take him to the hill or to the council?
  • To hear him out or to put him on trial?
  • Echoes of ancient trial of Socrates there.
  • Pauls famous Areopagus Sermon.
  • Text from idol inscription, To an Unknown God.
  • Blends themes from Stoic philosophy with themes
    from Biblical theology.
  • Quotes 2 Greek poets, but no argument from
    Scripture.
  • Starts where they are and builds towards the
    uncomfortable Resurrection, Parousia, and
    Judgment.
  • Not a smashing success but was understood this
    time.
  • Few converts soon left.

Athens
Areopagus
15
D. Second Missionary Journey (Acts 1536-1822)
c. 49-52
  • 8. Corinth (181-17)
  • Teaming cosmopolitan, commercial city
    transportation center temples to many gods
    famous for immorality and prostitution.
  • Works as tentmaker with Aquila Priscilla,
    Jewish Christians recently expelled from Rome by
    Claudius (c. 49).
  • Preaches in synagogue until forced out.
  • Rejoined by Silas and Timothy writes 1 Thess. in
    response to Timothys report.
  • Works 18 months longest stay on Second Journey
    building a mainly Gentile church.
  • Jews bring Paul before proconsul Gallio on
    charges of treason.
  • Gallio dismisses charges as internal Jewish
    dispute.
  • Important for Pauline chronology inscription at
    Delphi fixes Gallios term at c. 51-52 dates
    Pauls arrival in Corinth c. 50.
  • 9. Return to Antioch (1818-22) via Ephesus,
    Caesarea, Jerus.

16
E. Third Missionary Journey (Acts 1823-2116)
c. 52-56
  • Through Galatia and Phrygia to Ephesus (1823)
    another vague route thru N or S Galatia.
  • Apollos in Ephesus (1824-28)
  • Apollos precedes Paul in Ephesus.
  • Eloquent, well-educated Jewish Christian from
    Alexandria.
  • Preaches Jesus but knows only baptism of John.
  • Priscilla and Aquila(her name first 4 out of 6
    times!) teach him more accurately Apollos goes
    to Corinth.
  • Paul in Ephesus (191-41)
  • Baptizes disciples who knew only Johns baptism,
    not Holy Spirit.
  • Preaches in synagogue 3 months, until forced out.
  • Moves to rented Hall of Tyrannus for 2 yrs.
  • Performs miracles, which Jewish exorcists fail to
    imitate.
  • Long important ministry (2-3 years) dominates
    Third Journey team of co-workers satellite
    churches several letters (most of 1 2 Cor.
    maybe Gal., Phil., Phlm.).
  • Riot fomented by Demetrius, a silversmith making
    shrines of Artemis, puts Paul on trial.
  • Ephesian imprisonment theory (cf. 1 Cor. 1532 2
    Cor. 18).

17
E. Third Missionary Journey (Acts 1823-2116)
c. 52-56
  • Macedonia and Greece (201-6)
  • Spends 3 months in Greece (prob. Corinth).
  • Preparing collection for Jerusalem (see Rom. 15).
  • Wrote Romans.
  • Traveling companions mentioned in Acts are
    representatives of Gentile churches, accompanying
    collection to Jerusalem.
  • Troas (207-12)
  • Preaches past midnight puts Eutychus to sleep.
  • One of earliest references to Christian worship
    on Sunday (v. 7).
  • Miletus (2013-38)
  • Sends for elders from Ephesus.
  • Long, tearful farewell address.
  • Return to Jerusalem (211-16)
  • Many forebodings about danger in Jerusalem.
  • Purpose is to deliver collection (Acts does not
    mention).
  • Cf. Rom. 1525-27, 30-32 2 concerns
  • Anxiety over hostility of non-Christian Jews.
  • Uncertainty whether Jerusalem Church will accept
    collection.

18
F. Arrest, Journey to Rome, Death (Acts
2117-2831)
  • Arrest in Jerusalem (2117-2311) c. 56
  • Paul demonstrates loyalty to Jewish law by
    participating in purification rituals and
    Nazirite vow (2117-26).
  • Accusation of bringing Gentile into restricted
    area of Temple precipitates riot and Pauls
    arrest by Roman tribune (2127-40).
  • Pauls defense before the people (221-30)
    calls for his blood.
  • Hearing before Sanhedrin divides Sadducees and
    Pharisees over resurrection (231-10).
  • Plot to kill Paul transfer to Caesarea, seat of
    procurator (2312-30).
  • Caesarea (2312-2632) c. 56-58
  • Held two years in judicial limbo.
  • Defense before Felix postpones verdict 2 years
    (241-27).
  • Defense before Festus (arrived c. 58) asks if
    Paul wants trial in Jerusalem Paul appeals to
    Emperor (251-12).
  • Defense before Herod Agrippa II almost
    persuaded Festus and Agrippa declare Paul
    innocent (2513-2632).

Arrest
Caesarea
19
F. Arrest, Journey to Rome, Death (Acts
2117-2831)
  • Journey to Rome (Acts 27-28)
  • Dramatic account of perilous sea voyage as
    prisoner.
  • Paul depicted as hero in storm off Crete and
    shipwreck on Malta.
  • In Rome, placed under house arrest waiting
    trial freedom to receive visitors and preach
    gospel openly and unhindered.
  • Acts ends without giving results of trial or fate
    of Paul. Why?
  • Written before trial, perhaps in defense of Paul.
    Most think not.
  • Luke concerned to show political innocence of
    Christianity to end with Pauls martyrdom by
    Romans would spoil this theme.
  • Acts is not a biography of Paul but the story of
    the triumph of the gospel from Jerusalem to
    Rome. With gospel in Rome, story is complete
    Pauls fate is more or less irrelevant.
  • Pauls death (c. 60-68)
  • 2nd-century church tradition held that Paul was
    beheaded by Nero.
  • Later traditions released new travels 2nd
    imprisonment killed by Nero.
  • 2 Tim. 46-8 depicts Paul at point of martyrdom
    authentic or not, this is a fitting tribute to
    Pauls labors.
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