South America

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South America

• HED 431

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Presenters

• Lauren Albright
• Rachel Avesian
• Beth Carlson
• Monica Kim
• Katie Madden
• Michelle Shepherd

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Summary

• Population/Region Biography
• Population, History, People
• Natural Physical-Biological Environment
• Geography, Natural Resources
• Human Built Environment
• Textile/apparel Industries, Economy
• Social-Cultural Environment
• Education, Child Labor

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Population/Region BiographyCountries

• Argentina
• Bolivia
• Brazil
• Chile
• Colombia
• Ecuador
• Falkland Islands
• French Guiana

• Guyana
• Paraguay
• Peru
• Suriname
• Uruguay
• Venezuela

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Population

• Argentine Housing
• Brazilian Housing

• Brazil
• 176,029,056
• Colombia
• 41,008,227
• Argentina
• 37,384,816
• Peru
• 27,949,639

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Peruvian Housing
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History of Government

• Argentina
• After WWII-Peronist authoritarian rule
• 1976-Military junta
• 1983-Democracy returns
• Peru
• Before 1533-Incan empire
• 1821-Peruvian independence
• 1980-Democratic leadership

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Juan Peron
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• Brazil
• Three centuries of Portugal rule
• 1822-Brazil claims independence
• Chile
• Three years in Marxist government
• 1973-Dictatorial military regime
• 1990-First freely elected president installed
• Colombia
• 1990s-40 year insurgent campaign to overthrow
  Colombian Government
• Has not yet succeeded
• Drugs, Guerrillas and Violence are main concerns
  for the Colombian government

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People of South America

• Argentina
• ½ of population inhabits seven cities
• Buenos Aires
• 1/3 of Argentines
• Cordoba, Rosario, Mendoza, La Plata, San Miguel
  de Tucuman and Mar del Plata
• Cost of living
• Average wage1,700 per month
• High cost of living compared to salaries
• Argentina wants to reduce unemployment
• (May of 2000) 15.4

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• Colombia
• Ethnically diverse
• Indigenous Indians
• Spanish Colonists
• Africans

Colombian fashion designer Beatriz Camacho
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Natural Physical/Biological EnvironmentGeography/
Topography

• Three Sections
• 1) South American Cordillera
• 2) Interior Lowlands
• 3) Continental Shield
• Separated into two sections
• Guiana Highlands
• Brazilian Highlands

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• The Great Cordillera
• Andes Mountain Range
• Mt. Aconcagua
• 22,835 ft
• Highest point in the Western Hemisphere
• Resides in Argentina
• Patagonia Region
• Just east of Andes in Southern Argentina

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• Rivers
• Amazon
• Largest river in the world
• Magdalena
• Orinoco
• Paraguay-Parana

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Natural Resources

• Mining
• Iron Ore
• Copper
• Tin
• Manganese
• Gold
• Bauxite
• Agriculture
• ¼ of the worlds forest, and ½ of tropical forest
• Need sustainability for forest conservation

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The PIMA Project

• Started November of 2001
• Main objective
• Increase the sustainable conservation of
  biodiversity
• How?
• A large chain of small islands have a 2-mile
  buffer zone
• Eco-tourism helps fishers communities

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These seals are being saved because of the PIMA
Project
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Human Built EnvironmentTextile/Apparel Industries

• Gender roles
• Men of middle ages
• Fell three points
• Women ages 35-55
• Highest increase in rates of employment
• New workers to compensate for loss of income

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South American Workers
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• Work Environment
• Producer PricesLow
• Production Costs, Input, Labor, and CreditHigh
• Declining clothing manufacturing, however
• Sports footwear and sportswear industries have
  helped growth
• 1970-10 sporting good stores
• Today-Approximately 2,500 stores
• Crops
• Cotton seed
• High transportation costs and long distance
• Seeds seldom reach destination on time

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2001 Fiber ConsumptionPer-Capita
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• Pests
• Brazil
• Boll Weevil
• Irrigation
• Inefficient use
• Problems
• Drainage
• Salinity

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Economy

• History
• 17th Century
• Spain, United Kingdom, and others exploited
  natural resources
• End of WWII
• South America claimed its economic independence
  and developed its industries
• Scarcity of Coal
• Used petroleum reserves
• Now
• Developed natural gas reserves
• Developed alternative energy methods
• Hydroelectric power

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Gross Domestic Product(per-capita income)

• Argentina12,000
• Bolivia2,600
• Brazil7,400
• Chile10,000
• Colombia6,300
• Ecuador3,000
• Falkland Islands19,000

• French Guiana6,000
• Guyana3,600
• Paraguay4,600
• Peru4,800
• Suriname3,500
• Uruguay9,200
• Venezuela6,100

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GDP of South American Countries (per capita)
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• Tourism
• Growing interest in rain forests and Patagonian
  glaciers
• Become a source of revenue for rural communities
• Potential element for sustainable development
  strategies

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Exports/Imports

• Brazil
• Export of garments300 million/year
• 28th place worldwide
• Reasons why Brazil lacks competitiveness
• Dependence on imported raw materials
• Outdated machinery
• Suriname and Guyana
• Highest export partner
• United States
• Highest import partner
• United States and Trinidad and Tobago

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Brazilian Port
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• Colombia
• Imports of apparel67.4 million (2000)
• Cotton textile is approximately 43 of their
  industry trade
• 21 yarns and woven fabrics,19 knit products, 8
  man-made fiber products
• Many manufacturers operate in free trade zones
• Plan Vallejo U.S. 807/807A contracts

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• Argentina
• Produces 1 million tons of cotton/yr for both
  internal consumption and exports
• Two large textile firms
• Alpargatas
• 70 of local denim
• Nike sports shoes
• Grafa
• Produced 43 thousand tons of synthetic yarns
  (1999)
• Free trade
• Government has high import tariffs to safeguard
  companies

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AlpargatasJoao Pessoa Branch
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• Argentina (cont.)
• Apparel production and imports 4 Billion
• Registered apparel imports for 1998251 million
• Top supplying countries
• China (26)
• Brazil (20)
• Uruguay (13)

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Machinery/Technology

• Mechanization is at a low level
• Intensive manual labor
• Expensive
• Difficult
• Quality Degradation
• High level of trash
• Contamination
• Polypropylene from picking sacks (cotton
  production)

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Hand-made textiles
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Trade Agreements

• War Against Drugs
• 1991 Andean Trade Preference Act
• Tariff preference for ten years
• Helps fight narcotics trafficking
• Act unfortunately does NOT include apparel and
  textiles

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• OTEXA-Textile and Apparel Agreements
• Bilateral agreement as of June 27, 1994
• Agreement between the United States and Brazil
• Controls imports and exports

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Social-Cultural EnvironmentEducation

• Literacy
• 23.9 of Brazilians over 15 yrs of age are
  illiterate
• Argentina7.4 illiteracy rate

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• Child Labor vs. Schooling
• Programs in Brazil have monthly stipends
• 2.5 million children have been aided
• Protecting Womens Rights
• Brazil signed the United Nations Convention on
  the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
  Against Women (CEDAW)
• Condemns violence towards women
• Provides shelters
• Special Police Stations

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Informal labor (includes street vending,
begging, camel jockeying, portering, and other
service industries)
Commercial labor (includes factory work,
farming, fishing, mining, quarrying, and all
other forms of manufacturing)
No significant cases reported
Subject to both conditions
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Future of South America

• New Programs
• Less child labor and more education
• New Trade Agreements
• Better chance of higher standards of living