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THE AIR WE BREATHE

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Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health ... Vehicular emission related air pollution is getting severer. Acid Rain. Sand Storms ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: THE AIR WE BREATHE


1
THE AIR WE BREATHE
  • Dahe JIANG
  • UNEP-Tongji Institute of
  • Environment for Sustainable Development
  • September 2005

2
1 From London Smog to Global Climate Change
1.1 Basics and Data 1.2 Effects of Air
Pollution 1.3 Air Pollution From Local to
Global 1.4 More Than Global
3
Basics and Data
Minor components of clean air
4
Effects of Air Pollution
  • Effects on human health
  • Acute effects
  • Chronic effects
  • Effects on natural environment
  • Acid rain
  • Ozone layer depletion
  • Global warming
  • Global climate change

5
Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health
Respiratory, digestion, mucus, skin, and neural
systems
6
Air Pollution From Local to Global
7
Air Pollution From Local to Global
8
More Than Global
9
2 Air Pollution in Asia and the Pacific
2.1 Urban Air Quality 2.2 Acid Rain 2.3
Sandstorms 2.4 Atmospheric Brown Cloud
10
Urban Air Quality
  • The air in Asias cities is amongst the most
    polluted in the world Calcutta, Jakarta, New
    Delhi, Shanghai and Tehran etc.
  • Particulate matter pollution
  • Air pollution caused by automobile emission.

11
Poor air quality in urban areas
12
Vehicular emission related air pollution is
getting severer
13
Acid Rain
14
Sand Storms
July 12, 2004
15
Atmospheric Brown Cloud
The 1997 forest fire
16
Asia Brown Cloud
17
Atmospheric Brown Cloud
18
3 Air Pollution and Control in China
3.1 Air pollution situation 3.2 Ambient air
quality standards and API 3.3 Two control zones
and mass loading control 3.4 Energy use and
industrial restructuring 3.5 Vehicular emission
control
19
Air Pollution Situation
  • Urban air quality
  • Acid rain
  • Sand storms
  • Vehicular emission related air pollution

20
1985
21
Industrial air pollutant emissions in China
(based on State of Environment Reports of SEPA)
22
Air quality changes in Shanghai. Before 2000, the
data for particulates were for TSP, and after
2001, the data are for PM10
23
Coal consumption and SO2 emission in Shanghai
24
With the replacement of natural gas for coal, SO2
concentration decreases in Beijing
25
Ambient Air Quality Standards
and Air Pollution Index
  • Three classes of ambient air quality standards
  • (1) reserved areas
  • (2) residential areas
  • (3) industrial areas and the areas near major
  • roads of transportation
  • Air pollution index (API)

26
Daily API report distribution
27
Two-Control Zone and Mass Loading
Control
  • Two-Control Zone means the areas where SO2 and
    acid rain must be controlled
  • Mass loading control
  • Targets
  • (1) To 2000, SO2 emitting industrial sources
    should attain emission requirements mass-loading
    control should be put in practice the SO2
    concentrations of large cities should attain
    NAASQ standards acid rain pollution worsening
    tendency should be mitigated.
  • (2) To 2010, the total amount of SO2 emission
    should keep the level of the year 2000 SO2
    concentration for all urban areas should attain
    the requirement of NAASQ and the acid rain area
    with rain pH values smaller than 4.5 should be
    significantly reduced in comparison with that in
    2000.

28
Energy Use and Industrial Restructuring
  • Coal, low sulfur content, formed
  • Gasification
  • Centralized heating
  • Natural gas
  • Close, stop, change, move out heavily polluting
    factories

29
Vehicular Emission Control
  • Unleaded gasoline
  • Emission standards (Euro II, July 1, 2004)
  • Black effluent reporting
  • Old vehicle phase out
  • Transportation planning
  • non-vehicle transportation

30
The increase in the number of private cars in
China
31
4 Challenges and Opportunities
4.1 Growing economy and air pollution 4.2 Urban
transportation 4.3 Renewable and alternative
energy 4.4 Management and enforcement 4.5
International cooperation 4.6 Change to a new
consumption mode
32
Growing Economy and Air
Pollution
  • Energy and material consumption urbanization
    transportation
  • More investment better technologies self
    consciousness

33
Urban Transportation
  • Urban planning
  • Urban density control
  • Avoid over-suburbanization
  • Public transportation
  • Non-vehicle transportation

34
Renewable and Alternative Energy
  • Renewable energy, solar, hydraulic, wind
  • Nuclear energy? Fuel cell ?
  • Energy efficiency

35
Implementation and Enforcement
During the dark midnight.
  • International Cooperation

Change to a new consumption mode
Town gas, larger apartment, air conditioning, car
driving
36
5 Imagining the Unthinkable
  • Abrupt Climate Change
  • Schwartz and Randall, 2003
  • Global Business Network

When most people think about climate change,
they imagine gradual increases in temperature and
only marginal changes in other climatic
conditions, continuing indefinitely or even
leveling off at some time in the future.

37
The research suggests that once temperature
rises above some threshold, adverse weather
conditions could develop relatively abruptly,
with persistent changes in the atmospheric
circulation causing drops in some regions of 5-10
degrees Fahrenheit in a single decade.
38
Falling of human carrying capacity
The graphic shows how abrupt climate change may
cause human carrying capacity to fall below usage
of the eco-system, suggesting insufficient
resources leading to a contraction of the
population through war, disease, and famine.
(Schwartz and Randall, 2003)
39
THE FUTURE OF NUCLEAR POWER - An
Interdisciplinary Study MIT Study

July 23, 2003
  • In our view, it would be a mistake at this time
    to exclude any of these four options from an
    overall carbon emissions management strategy.
  • We believe the nuclear option should be retained,
    precisely because it is an important carbon-free
    source of power.
  • The U.S. public is unlikely to support nuclear
    power expansion without substantial improvements
    in costs and technology.

40
  • These actions will be effective in stimulating
    additional investment in nuclear generating
    capacity if, and only if, the industry can live
    up to its own expectations of being able to
    reduce considerably overnight capital costs for
    new plants. 
  • We do not believe a convincing case can be made,
    on the basis of waste management considerations
    alone, that the benefits of advanced, closed fuel
    cycles will outweigh the attendant safety,
    environmental, and security risks and economic
    costs. 
  • Nuclear power should not expand unless the risk
    of proliferation from operation of the commercial
    nuclear fuel cycle is made acceptably small.

41
Retaining nuclear power stations- Stewart Brand
- MIT Technological Review, May 2005
  • Over the next ten years, I predict, the
    mainstream of the environmental movement will
    reverse its opinion and activism in four major
    areas population growth, urbanization,
    genetically engineered organisms, and nuclear
    power.

42
6. Conclusion
  • Air pollution is a comprehensive global issue
  • Particulate matter, acid rain, vehicular
    emission, etc., are the main issues in this
    region
  • China is making efforts to combat air pollution,
    but coal as the main fuel and increasing use of
    vehicles continue to threaten the air quality
  • Management and enforcement are important
  • International cooperation is needed to control
  • Population, urbanization, development lack of
    energy --- new consumption mode is needed.
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