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Hazardous Chemicals Awareness Level

• Wes Adams
• Asheville-Buncombe Technical Community College
• Note Permission to use this presentation is
  granted as long as you give credit to the author,
  Wes Adams.

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HAZMAT Awareness

• Topics to be covered
• MSDS Sheets
• NFPA System
• UN Identification Number
• Emergency Response Guidebook
• Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction
• The DOT Hazardous Materials Classes along with
  the particular hazards of each class.

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MSDS Sheets

• An Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is a
  technical bulletin containing detailed
  information about a hazardous substance.
• OSHA requires that manufacturers prepare an MSDS
  for each chemical that it sells.
• The MSDS contains more extensive information than
  is conveyed on the label.
• The MSDS must accompany each chemical it ships
  the first time that the chemical is shipped to
  that recipient.

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MSDS Sheets

• The following minimum information must be
  provided in the MSDS
• The identity of the product as used on the
  container label.
• The chemical and common name for all ingredients
  present in concentrations greater than 1 and
  0.1 for a cancer causing substance (carcinogen).
• The physical and chemical properties of the
  hazardous components.

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MSDS Sheets

• The physical and health hazards, including signs
  and symptoms of exposure and/or prior and/or
  existing conditions that can warn against
  exposure.
• Primary routes of entry into the body.
• Any known exposure limits.
• Whether the hazardous substance is a carcinogen.
• Precautions for safe handling and use.

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MSDS Sheets

• Procedure for spill or leak cleanup.
• Control measures
• Emergency first-aid procedures.
• The date of preparation
• The name, address, and telephone number of the
  company or responsible employee distributing the
  MSDS.

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NFPA System

• The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
  recommends certain markings for use on storage
  tanks, exterior building walls, pipelines and
  other relevant locations.
• This procedure for identifying potential hazards
  associate with a chemical is called the NFPA 704
  system.
• NFPA ratings can be found on the MSDS sheet.

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NFPA System

• The NFPA system uses a diamond with color coded
• Blue is for the health hazard.
• Red is for the flammability hazard.
• Yellow is for the reactivity hazard.
• White is for special hazards.
• A number is placed in each section ranging from
  0-4. A 0 means no hazard and a 4 means an extreme
  hazard.

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NFPA System

• The following seven symbols are employed in the
  white section of an NFPA diamond
• A radiation hazard symbol is a three bladed
  propeller.

• The letter W with a line trough it is a caution
  against applying water.
• The letters OXY indicate that the material is
  an oxidizer.
• The letter P indicates there is a potential for
  the material to under go auto-polymerization.
• The Word ACID indicate that the material is an
  acid.
• The letters ALK indicate that the material is
  an alkali (base).
• The letters COR indicate that the material is
  corrosive.

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NFPA System
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Identification Number

• UN or NA preceding a number indicates the
  identity of the chemical.
• UN indicates internationally transported
  chemicals while NA refers to those only
  transported in the US and Canada.
• In addition to these placards the UN number may
  also be inset into the appropriate placard.

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Emergency Response Guidebook
Also Available on the Web
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Emergency Response Guidebook

• After obtaining the identification number consult
  the North American Emergency Response Guide Book
• The yellow pages list the materials in numerical
  order by UN ID number.
• The blue pages list the materials in alphabetical
  order.

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Emergency Response Guidebook

• The orange bordered pages list 172 individual
  guide numbers listing emergency response actions
  for particular materials.
• The green bordered pages give initial isolation
  and protective distances for the highlighted
  entries in the yellow and blue sections.

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Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction

• There are 5 important factors which affect rates
  of reactions
• Nature of the Material
• Reactant Concentration
• Temperature
• Action of Catalysts
• Surface Area

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Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction

• Nature of the Material includes the chemical
  composition of the substance and the physical
  state in which it exists.
• For example white phosphorous ignites
  spontaneously in air while wood requires an
  ignition source and water will not burn.
• Generally reaction occurs fastest in the gas
  phase, the second fastest in the liquid phase,
  and much more slowly in the solid phase.

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Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction

• Reactions in general go more quickly at higher
  concentrations.
• For example flammable materials burn much more
  quickly at high oxygen concentrations.
• Since air is 78 nitrogen and 21 oxygen by
  volume, nitrogen serves to lower the oxygen
  concentration and reduce the rate of combustion.

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Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction

• As a general rule the rate of the reaction
  increases as the temperature increases.
• For example food spoils when not refrigerated.
• As a general rule the rate of a chemical reaction
  doubles for every rise of 18oF (10oC).

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Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction

• Reactions also proceed more quickly in the
  presence of a catalyst.
• Catalysts speed up a reaction without being used
  up in the reaction.
• This is usually done by lowering the activation
  energy which is the energy required to initiate a
  chemical reaction.
• The combustion of hydrogen and oxygen will not
  occur without a spark unless a piece of platinum
  is added and then they explode violently.

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Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction
MnO2 causes the Catalytic Decomposition of H2O2
to liberate oxygen which will increase the
combustion rate.
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Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction

• Generally reactions occur more quickly with a
  greater surface area.
• For example a flammable liquid will burn more
  quickly in a container that will allow it to
  assume the largest surface area.

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Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction
Burning Licompodium Powder
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Hazard Class
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Class 1 Explosives

• There are two general types of explosive
  materials
• Chemical explosives detonate as a result of the
  application of friction, mechanical impact, or
  heat usually used for demolition and other
  destructive acts.
• It is distinguished from gasoline and flammable
  gases which will seem to explode when ignited.
• They are also distinguishable from nuclear
  explosives, which detonate by nuclear phenomena.

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Class 1 Explosives
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Class 1 Explosives

• The rapidly expanding gases often exceeds the
  speed of sound and cause shock waves.
• These shock waves are associated with the
  explosives shattering power called its brisance.
• The brisance is an important factor in choosing
  the correct explosive for a particular use, like
  clearing rock for a road.
• Sometimes so-called chemical explosives are a
  mixture of substances that appear to detonate
  which includes gunpowder and some blasting agents.

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Class 1 Explosives
Nitrogen Triiodide is an explosive.
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Class 2 Gases

• A division 2.1 (flammable) gas is any material
  that is a gas at 68oF or less and 14.7 psi of
  pressure and is one of the following
• Ignitable at 14.7 psi when in a mixture of 13 or
  less by volume with air.
• Possesses a flammable range at 14.7 psi of at
  least 12 regardless of the lower limit.

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Class 2
A Bunsen Burner Flame is fueled by Natural gas.
Different Metals in the flame will change the
flame from blue to different colors. This also
works for liquids.
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Class 2 Gases

• A division 2.2 (non-flammable) gas is any
  material or mixture that does one of the
  following
• Exerts in its packaging an absolute pressure of
  41 psi or greater at 68oF.
• Does not meet the definition of division 2.1 or
  2.3

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Class 2 Gases
A small amount of water is placed into a can and
heated when rapidly cooled the water vapor
condenses leaving a vacuum which allows the air
pressure to crush the can.
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Class 2 Gases

• A division 2.3 (poison by inhalation) gas is a
  material that is a gas at 68oF or less at 14.7
  psi and is one of the following
• Known to be so toxic to humans as to pose a
  health hazard during transportation.
• In absence of data on human toxicity, is toxic to
  laboratory animals and has and LC50 (lethal
  concentration 50 of the time) less than 5000
  mL/m3.

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Class 2 Gases

• Some examples of toxic gases are
• Carbon Monoxide
• Hydrogen cyanide
• Sulfur dioxide
• Hydrogen Sulfide
• Nitrogen Dioxide
• Anhydrous Ammonia

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Class 2 Gases
Copper and Nitric Acid generate Nitrogen Dioxide
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Class 3 Flammable Liquids

• The DOT defines a flammable liquid as either of
  the following
• Any liquid having a flash point not more than
  141oF.
• Any liquid with a flash point at or above 100oF
  that is intentionally heated and offered for
  transportation or transported at or above its
  flash point within bulk packaging.
• A combustible liquid has a flash point above
  141oF and below 200oF

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Flammability
Burning Methanol
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Storage and Transport of Compresses Gases

• Large amounts of compressed gases or liquefied
  gases are transported in large tanks pulled
  behind the vehicle or as its own separate rail
  car.
• Such a tank exposed to direct flames will
  rupture.
• If a liquefied gas is flammable a Boiling Liquid
  Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) can occur.
• A BLEVE occurs when a released liquid is rapidly
  heated to temperature above its boiling point.
• Some BLEVEs have resulted in fireballs with radii
  of 900 ft.

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Storage and Transport of Compresses Gases
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Class 4 Flammable Solids

• The DOT defines a flammable solid as any of the
  following
• Any of several wetted explosives
• Any of several self-reactive materials that are
  thermally unstable and can undergo a strongly
  exothermic (gives off heat) decomposition even
  without the participation of atmospheric oxygen
• A readily combustible solid.

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Class 4 Flammable Solids
Burning Magnesium in the presence of Carbon
dioxide.
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Class 4 Flammable Solids

• The DOT defines a spontaneously combustible
  material as either of the following
• A pyrophoric material is a liquid or solid that
  even in small quantities and without external
  ignition source can ignite within five minutes
  after coming in contact with air.
• A self-heating material is a material that when
  in contact with air and without an energy supply
  is liable to self heat.

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Class 4 Flammable Solids
Phosphorus in Air
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Class 4 Flammable Solids

• The DOT defines a dangerous when wet material as
  a material that, by interaction with water, is
  likely to become spontaneously flammable or to
  release a flammable or toxic gas or vapor at a
  rate greater than 28 in3/lb (1 L/kg) per hour.

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Class 4 Flammable Solids
Calcium Carbide and Water liberate flammable
acetylene gas.
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Class 5 Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides

• The DOT defines two classes of oxidizers
• An oxidizer (division 5.1) is a material that can
  cause or enhance the combustion of materials,
  generally by yielding oxygen.

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Class 5 Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides
Ammonium Nitrate Zinc and Water
Potassium Chlorate and Gummy Bear
Copper Silver Redox
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Class 5 Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides

• An organic peroxide (division 5.2) is an organic
  compound containing oxygen in the bivalent OO
  structure.
• Organic peroxide formation is especially
  susceptible in some ethers especially diglyme,
  diethyl ether, dioxane, glyme, isopropyl ether,
  tetrohydrofuran.

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Class 5 Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides
Test for organic peroxides at the neck of old
ether bottles before opening.
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Class 6 Poisonous and Infectious Materials

• The DOT defines poisonous and infectious
  materials as follows
• A poisonous material is a material other than a
  gas that is known to be toxic to humans to
  present a hazard during transport or
• Is presumed to be toxic because of data obtained
  from tests performed on animals.
• Is an irritating material with properties similar
  to tear gas and causes extreme irritation,
  especially within confined spaces.
• Examples include cyanide containing salts,
  asbestos, and pesticides.

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Class 6 Poisonous and Infectious Materials

• An infectious material is a viable micro organism
  or its toxin that causes or can cause disease in
  humans or animals.
• Potentially infectious substances include
• Blood and blood products
• Saliva, vomit, urine
• Semen or vaginal secretions
• Skin, tissue, cell cultures
• Other body fluids (particularly if blood is
  visible).

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Class 6 Poisonous and Infectious Materials
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Class 7 Radioactive Materials

• A radioactive material is any material or any
  combination of materials that spontaneously emits
  ionizing radiation having a specific activity
  greater than 70 Becquerels per gram.
• Radioactive White-I, Yellow-II, and Yellow-III
  alerts emergency response workers to increasing
  radioactivity.
• White-I is the least radioactive and Yellow-III
  is the most radioactive.

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Class 7 Radioactive Materials
A Geiger Counter is used to measure radioactivity.
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Class 8 Corrosive Materials

• A corrosive material is both of the following
• A liquid or solid that causes visible destruction
  or irreversible alterations in skin tissue at the
  site of contact.
• A liquid that has a severe corrosion rate on
  steel or aluminum, as measured in accordance with
  certain prescribed DOT testing procedures.

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Class 8 Corrosive Materials
Sodium Biarbonate HCl liberates CO2 gas.
Magnesium HCl liberates H2 gas
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Class 9 Miscellaneous Hazardous Materials

• The DOT defines a miscellaneous hazardous
  material as a material that presents a hazard
  during transportation, but is not included in any
  other hazard class.
• These materials are any material that has
  anesthetic, noxious, elevated-temperature
  substances, hazardous wastes and marine
  pollutants, and magnetized materials.
• ORM-D materials are also class 9.

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Class 9 Miscellaneous Hazardous Materials
Hot water when transported is an elevated
temperature material an is therefore Class 9
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Questions?
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