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Environmental Pollution and Protection in China

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Environmental cost of water pollution in Chongqing (Vennemo et al., 2001) ... Causes of pollution: industrial waste water, urban sewage, waste, soil erosion, ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Environmental Pollution and Protection in China


1
Environmental Pollution and Protection in China
  • Zhigang Li

2
State of Pollution by 1997 (Edmonds, 1999)
  • Water pollution
  • The seven major river systems have been badly
    polluted.
  • Ground water and coastal regions are polluted to
    various degrees.
  • Air pollution
  • All major Chinese city centres have SO2 emission
    levels which exceed legal limits.
  • NOx emission due to automobile traffic also
    exceed safety levels in city centres.

3
State of Pollution by 1997 (continued)
  • Intensification of agriculture and the growing
    TVEs has increased pollution outside cities.
  • Chemical fertilizer and pesticide usage continues
    to climb.
  • Chinas fertilizer usage per hectare is twice the
    world average.
  • Rural industrial wastes accounts for 38 of total
    sold wastes, 7 of industrial waste water, and
    56 of industrial dust.

4
State of Pollution by 1997 (continued)
  • Domestic waste
  • Rubbish in urban areas contains inorganic matter
    at levels similar to those in developed counties.
  • However, rubbish treatment technology may be
    lagging behind.

5
E-Waste of China (Tong and Wang, 2004)
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9
More about E-waste
  • http//www.crra.com/ewaste/ttrash2/ttrash2/

10
Population and Environment of China (Banister,
1998)
11
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12
Air Pollution and Mortality (Brajer and Mead,
2004)
  • Data
  • Pollution and population figures for 38 Chinese
    cities.
  • Pollution data are mostly from annual
    environmental report posted on the Internet by
    municipal environmental protection bureaus.

13
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14
Environmental cost of water pollution in
Chongqing (Vennemo et al., 2001)
  • The waters of Chongqing are widely polluted
  • Almost half of the rivers are heavily or severely
    polluted by 1996.
  • Major pollutants coliform bacteria, ammonia,
    oil, and other organic pollutants, and heavy
    metals.
  • Causes of pollution industrial waste water,
    urban sewage, waste, soil erosion, and
    atmospheric deposition.

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17
Environmental Kuznets Curze (De Groot et al.,
2004)
  • Environmental Kuznets Curve
  • A hump-shaped relationship between per capita
    income and pollution.

18
Waste water (1982-97)
19
Waste gas (1982-97)
20
Solid Waste (1982-97)
21
EKC (Shaw et al.)
22
EKC between per capita income and SO2
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24
EKC between per capita income and TSP
25
EKC between per capita income and API (Air
polution index)
26
Anti-Pollution Institution and Policies (Vermeer,
1998)
  • State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA)
  • A nation-wide control network built in the 1980s
  • Partly supported by foreign project funding
  • Employees doubled between 1985 and 1995 to 88,000
    people.
  • Very limited power TVEs hardly monitored
    inspection is uneven and infrequent.

27
State Capacity and Environmental Protection
Enforcement (Schwartz, 2003)
  • Measures of State Capacity
  • Human capital related to environmental education
  • Fiscal strength
  • Per capita income
  • Funds related to environmental protection
  • Reach/responsiveness
  • Media development
  • Compensation for pollution accidents
  • Complaining about pollution

28
  • Measures of Enforcement
  • Enforcement effectiveness is measured by the gap
    between emission targets (set by the central
    government) and actual emissions.

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30
Pollution Enforcement in China (Wang and Wheeler,
2003)
  • Data
  • Around 3,000 heavily polluting firms in China in
    1993.
  • Self-reported pollution
  • Actual pollution levy

31
Chinas Pollution Levy System
  • The idea of a pollution charge system was adopted
    in 1978.
  • By 1982, 27 of 29 provinces in China established
    some pollution levy system.
  • Process
  • Self-reporting
  • Verification and collection of levies by local
    environmental authorities.
  • Effective levy rates vary significantly across
    Chinese provinces.

32
Water Pollution Levy Rate in 1993
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36
Wastewater Charge
37
Air pollution charge
38
Total Charge
39
Distribution of Effective Pollution Levies
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42
Inspection, Pollution Prices, and Environmental
Performance (Dasgupta et al. 2001)
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