A Comparative Study of The Use of Environmental Friendly Household Cleaning Products in Southern Cal

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A Comparative Study of The Use of Environmental
Friendly Household Cleaning ProductsinSouthern
California and Southern Guangdong

• Problems and Challenges

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Prof. Kwan Ming ChanB.Sc. (HKU), Ph. D.
(Liverpool, England)Prof. Emeritus, California
State University

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Co-Authors Prof. Sun Hui-Li and Liu
Fengyang South China Sea Institute of
Oceanology, Academia Sinica

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Objectives Why comparing two regions?

• Both are the major gateways in the Pacific
• Lessons learned may serve as models
• Southern California has abundant data for
  modeling
• Both are in similar geographical location with
  high economic power

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Geographic and Economic Settings for two regions

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?/? ?? 35 billion ??Cargoes transport
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US and China -Comparison

• ? China
  ? USA
• GDP (per capita)
• 4,400 37,600
  
• Purchasing power ???(in trillion)
• 5.7
  10.4

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Economic Structure ????

• China USA
• Agriculture ?? 15 2
• Industry?? 51 18
• Service ?? 34 80

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Budget and Expenditure

• China
  USA
• Budget ??(trillion)
• 0.224
  1.946
• Expenditure??(trillion)
• 0.267
  2.052
• trillion 1012, ??

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Quick FactsCalif. Vs USA

• Calif. USA
• ??Population,106 34 284
• ??House value, K 211 119
• ??Retail sales,109 263 2460
• ??Manufacture, 109 379 3842
• California is about 1/10 of USA
• Guangdong economic power is a top-ranking
  province in China. GDP is about US 10,000.

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??????? Calif Vs USA

• ????? More minority
• ????? More foreign born
• ??? Higher median house value
• ??? Higher household income
• ????? High population density
• Similar situation for Southern Guangdong vs
  China

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California? vs Guangdong?

• ? CA
  ? GD
• ??Population,106 34 78
• ??Area, 104 km2 41
  18
• ??Latitude 32 to 42 20 to 25
• ??Longitude 114 to 124W 109 to 117E
• ???Coastline, km 1935 3368
• Guangdong has longer coastline and larger
  population.

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Southern California Land Use???????

• ??Uncommitted (Farming, Mining) 34
• ??Housing 28
• ??Open Space/Recreation 20
• ??Commerce/Industry 12
• ??Others 6
• Southern California has rapid expansion in housing

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Some problems related to the expansion of urban
areas

• More waste discharges
• Rapid change in coastal environment
• More Red tides
• More accidental discharges
• Costly clean-up
• Similar problems in both regions.

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Waste discharge severely affected Lagoons in
Calif.
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Lagoon Modification

• Formed after ice age
• Open to tidal flushing
• Shellfish and artifacts from Paleo-Indians
  (9000-3500 years ago)
• Catholic Missions
• Took over from Mexico
• in 1848

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Development, Deterioration

• 1881 Railroad line
• Crossing Bridges
• Coastal Highway and Freeway
• Limited Flushing

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• Aerial view showing narrow openings
• Shallow basin and building of silts
• Limited circulation and flushing

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Input source to the ocean- Southern California

• 109 cu m/year
• Treated waste water 1.4
• Industrial waste 0.25
• Surface runoff 0.6
• Cooling water 7.7

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General Characteristics of effluents, Southern
California

• in
  mg/liter
• Suspended solids 335
• BOD 120
• COD 240
• Oil and grease 19
• Total Nitrogen 23
• Phosphate 5
• Detergent 4.8

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General characteristics of storm water, Southern
California

• in
  mg/liter
• Oil and grease 1.5
• Total Nitrogen 3.9
• Phosphate 0.43
• Detergent 0.1

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Compare storm water and effluent water

• Oil and grease 19/1.5 12.6
• Total Nitrogen 23/3.95.9
• Phosphate 5/.4311.6
• Detergent 4.8/.148
• Effluent has at least 10 times more

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General Characteristics of sludge discharged into
coastal ocean of Southern California

• in mg/liter
• Suspended solids 5
• Oil and grease 760
• Total Nitrogen 590
• Phosphate 130
• Detergent 4.8

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General characteristics of siltin storm water of
Southern California

• in mg/liter
• Oil and grease 1.5
• Total Nitrogen 3.9
• Phosphate 2
• Detergent .1

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Compare sludge and silt in storm water

• Oil and grease 760/1.5 507
• Total Nitrogen 590/3.9 151
• Phosphate 130/2 65
• Detergent 4.8/.1 48
• Sludge has at least 50 times more

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Mass emission rate of wastewater discharged in
Southern California

• in metric
  tons/year
• Suspended solids 278,000
• BOD 291,000
• COD 675,000
• Oil and grease 65,000
• Total Nitrogen 85,400
• Phosphate 13,300
• Detergent 7,600

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Sample of the best selling detergents from EBay
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Detergent Phosphates

• Form sodium tri-polyphosphate
• About 30-40 of Phosphorus in waste water from
  cleaning products
• To-day, there are non-P detergent, but most still
  have 6-8 P

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Action of Phosphates

• Peptize and help dirt suspension
• Aid in germ killing
• Buffer the pH in removal of fatty soils
• Make surfactant more effective by breaking up
  surfactant polymeric units.

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Basic Components (about 90 by weight)

• Surfactant -
• Bipolar organic to lift off grease by lowering
  surface tension
• Builder Phosphates
• Soften water by removing Ca and Mg

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Other components

• Silicate corrosion inhibitor
• Carboxymethylcellulose anti-redeposition agent
  to keep removed dirt from resettling onto clothes
  during the washing cycle

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Other Common Chemicals in the detergents

• 2-butoxyethanol
• Malic Acid
• Diethylene Glycol Monbutyl Ether (lysol)
• Isobutane
• NTA (nitrilotriactate) subsituted for P

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Undesirable effect of highly alkaline chemicals

• Higher alkaline alter fabrics
• Skin or internal organ damage
• Higher cost
• Interaction with trace metals, increase in
  transmission, may cause birth defects

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Tea Tree - Melaleuca Alternifolia(natural product
as cleanser)

• Other Common Names Manuka, Melaleuca
  alternifolia
• Range Australia - New South Wales, Queensland
  East Indies.
• Haitat Swamps by the coast. Requires a fertile,
  well-drained moisture retentive lime-free soil in
  full sun.
• An essential oil is obtained from the leaves. It
  is strongly germicidal and is also used in
  dentistry, deodorants, soaps, mouthwashes etc

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Top 5 Brands/Companies of detergent in China

• Diao/Zhejang Nice Chemical Co.
• Omo/Unilever China Ltd.
• Liby/Guangzhou Liby Co., Ltd
• Qiqiang/Shangxi Nafine Chemicals Ltd
• Tide/Procter Gamble (Guangzhou) Ltd
• Most are in joint-venture with foreign
  companies, similar in chemical composition

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Outlook

• China had the highest GDP growth, nearly 8.
• GDP per capita in China is nearly 1,000
• Retail sales growth of 8.8
• China is undergoing another phase of more
  environmental conscientious

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Development of friendly household chemicals
markets

• Thirty-eight million urban families currently can
  afford to spend the nearly US 12,000 
• Over 70 of the Worlds top retailers Wall
  Mart, Carrefour, Metro, etc are now in China. 
• The market for toiletries and cosmetics has
  passed US 3 billion and is expected to reach US
  22 billion by 2013. 

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The challenge of environmental friendly household
chemicals

• Advertising - Television is the dominant medium
  with over 1 billion daily viewers
• Use of local natural products for improvement of
  antiseptic and fragrance
• Improvement of tertiary sewage treatment to
  remove phosphate
• Use of soap in general cleaning