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Test 3 Review

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Title: Test 3 Review


1
Test 3 Review
  • Chapters
  • 10, 11, 12

2
Lewis and Clark Expedition
  • Undertaken by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark,
    both captains in U. S. Army
  • Commissioned by Jefferson even before the
    purchase of the Louisiana Territory
  • Both explorers also naturalists and wrote
    journals and sent back samples of animal and
    plant life back to Washington D. C., during their
    expedition
  • Expedition left St. Louis in May 1804 and reached
    the Pacific Ocean November 1805
  • Trek to Pacific Coast took 28 months, covering
    8000 miles

3
Lewis and Clark Expedition
  • First goal To find a northwestern waterway
    passage to the Pacific Coast
  • Second goal Divert fur trade away from British
    Canada into American traders and U.S. markets,
    using the waterway
  • Third goal To see what kind of flora and fauna
    existed in this region as well Indian tribes in
    the area
  • Fourth goal Negotiate with Indians in the area
    to allow for Americans to move into area for
    mining and ranching purposes

4
The Louisiana Purchase and the Route of Lewis and
Clark
5
Lewis and Clark Expedition
  • Lewis and Clarks party a diverse group of
    people (British, Irish, Black slaves etc.)
  • Assisted by Sacajawea, Shoshone Indian woman,
    married to French fur trader
  • Both joined Lewis and Clark Expedition
  • Helped establish to Indians that the expedition
    was peaceful
  • Sacajawea helped with finding food, and
    translation between Americans and Indian tribes
  • Return journey began in March 1806
  • Both men considered one of the most important
    explorers in American history

6
Trails of Tears (Indians)
  • Many Indian tribes forced to migrate
  • Jackson claimed their move would be beneficial
    for the Indians, but in reality, it only
    benefited the white population
  • Many signed treaties, others threatened with
    violence to make the move westward
  • 1832 Treaty of Paynes Landing Forced Seminoles
    out of Florida and to Indian Territory in present
    day Oklahoma
  • 1835 Osceola fights the Second Seminole War,
    resulted in more Seminoles to move west and loss
    of life and large war expense

7
Trails of Tears (Indians)
  • Creeks, Choctaws and Chickasaws also forced to
    move
  • Cherokee Indians divided amongst themselves on
    this issue
  • Some feel the move had to be embraced, while
    others felt it had to be fought
  • Treaty Party leaders were Cherokee leaders who
    urged to Indians to peacefully move west and
    settle in Indian territory
  • John Ross opposed the move westward, and urged
    the people to stay at all cost
  • U.S. government imprisoned Ross to silence him

8
Trails of Tears (Indians)
  • Signed treaty with Treaty Party where the
    Cherokee land would be sold to the U.S. for only
    5 Million
  • Treaty Party members later assassinated by
    Cherokee assassins
  • 1838 Trail of Tears
  • U.S. troops rounded up Indians into concentration
    camps before marching them west
  • Thousands died of starvation, cold, and disease
    during the forced march
  • Many separated from family members
  • Many Cherokee belongings stolen or broken by U.S.
    troops

9
Indian Removal
10
Panic of 1837
  • Trade Unions became popular during this time
  • Unions insisted on getting better benefits for
    journeymen (skilled workers) such as shorter work
    day, removal of debtors prisons, higher wages,
    hard money v. bank notes for workers etc.
  • 1834 National Trades Union set up
  • 1837 Economic Depression and Panic started by
    speculation, crop failures and recalled British
    loans
  • Depression greatly hurt the National Trades Union
    and many people lost jobs and businesses
  • Depression lasted until early 1840s

11
Nativists and their Influence
  • Nativists were those that had been born in
    America and they opposed first generation
    immigrants and immigration into America
  • Immigrants in 19th century were from different
    countries and had come for different reasons
  • Some were farmers while others worked as factory
    workers
  • Many also advocated temperance
  • Against immigration for many reasons
  • that immigrants would steal jobs, or work for
    lower wages
  • Catholicism
  • Drinking habits of immigrants (Irish)

12
Nativists and their Influence
  • Nativists were those that had been born in
    America and they opposed first generation
    immigrants and immigration into America
  • Immigrants in 19th century were from different
    countries and had come for different reasons
  • Some were farmers while others worked as factory
    workers
  • Many also advocated temperance
  • Against immigration for many reasons
  • that immigrants would steal jobs, or work for
    lower wages
  • Catholicism
  • Drinking habits of immigrants (Irish)

13
Public Education
  • Growing nation with migrant population needed
    good public education system
  • Schools had to teach children more than just
    basic literacy requirements
  • Horace Mann important educational reformer of
    the time
  • 1837 Mann became Secretary of 1st State Board of
    Education
  • Stressed idea of common school system which
    made education available to boys and girls
    regardless of their ethnicity or social
    background
  • Schooling was not just meeting basic literacy
    requirements, but also learning values such as
    punctuality, sobriety, and hard work
  • By 1840, many public schools had opened and had
    many white children in attendance, with women
    taking on role of teachers

14
Public Education
  • Women used as teachers because they were natural
    nurturers for young children, and more
    importantly, they were paid wages that were much
    lesser than what a white man would have been paid
    for the same job
  • In spite of the wage discrepancy, many women
    became teachers willing to move away from their
    home towns, to work
  • Many colleges and private academies opened to
    feed demand for education
  • States passed new requirements to be licensed to
    become a doctor women were denied this and
    continued to be un-licensed, self-taught
    mid-wives
  • Manns principle not wholly realized
  • Slave children were forbidden by law to learn to
    read and write free black children were needed
    in white households as child labor, which
    resulted in lower school attendance
  • Poor whites did not benefit as the wealthy did

15
Communitarians
  • Different reformers suggested different ideas for
    social reform (ex Graham)
  • Experimental communities in existence where the
    entire community was responsible for bringing up
    a child, not just his/her parents
  • Communitarians aimed at advancing the whole
    community, not just individuals
  • Set up as Utopian (ideal) communities, as
    examples to other communities
  • 1825 Robert Owen set up New Harmony in Indiana
    (condemnation of private property, organized
    religion, and marriage)
  • 1848 John Humphrey Noyes set up Oneida
    Community, which encouraged complex marriages

16
Women
  • Womens rights advocates and temperance had
    direct correlation
  • Dorothea Dix womens rights advocate, teacher
    and writer
  • Dix fought for better treatment and facilities
    for mentally ill women
  • Eventually became very popular for her work in
    many states
  • Elizabeth Cady Stanton famous abolitionist who
    fought for freedom of slaves and abolition of
    slavery
  • Stanton worked with other famous womens rights
    activists such as Lucretia Mott, and Susan B.
    Anthony, and they paved the way for a womens
    rights convention at Seneca Falls, New York

17
Women
  • Some advances in condition of women and how they
    were treated
  • 1839 Married Womens Property Law in
    Mississippi aimed mainly at rich daughters of
    planters, and their inheritance
  • 1848 New York Pennsylvania passed legislation
    giving women control of property that women
    brought with through marriage
  • Transcendentalism made famous by Margaret Fuller
    who was influenced in her thoughts and actions by
    Thoreau and Emerson
  • Transcendentalism was a philosophy that
    encouraged people to celebrate nature, the
    spirit, and the arts

18
Manifest Destiny
  • Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United
    States was destined to extend its boundaries from
    the Atlantic coast to the Pacific Coast
  • Supporters of the idea of Manifest Destiny
    believed that it was not only great for the
    nation, but also obvious and certain that this
    would happen
  • In the mid-1800s, efforts were made to expand
    the nations borders, especially in the southwest

19
Texas
  • 1830s Mexico closed Texas border to U.S.
    immigration
  • 1835 1 out of every 8 people in Texas was a
    Tejano the rest were U.S. born
  • 1836 Texians armed (pre-Texas Rangers) and ready
    for independence from Mexico
  • Texians wanted independence so they could have
    their own nation, to do as they pleased
  • February 1836 The Alamo. Santa Anna and Mexican
    troops killed 187 Alamo defenders including
    Crockett
  • April 1936 Santa Anna was defeated by Sam
    Houston at San Jacinto River
  • A new nation, Republic of Texas (Lone Star
    Republic) was born Sam Houston became 1st
    president in 1837
  • Texas constitution legalized slavery and
    prohibited free blacks from living in Texas, in
    contrast to Mexico, which had abolished slavery
    in 1829
  • U.S. abolitionists very uncomfortable with this
    situation

20
Election of 1844
  • Two main debates during election whether or not
    U.S. should annex Texas and Oregon
  • Democrats nominated James Polk (pro-annexation)
    for presidential candidate
  • Whigs nominated Henry Clay who was
    anti-annexation (but later changed his mind)
  • Growing controversy over issue of slavery, but
    both parties ignored subject all together
  • Liberty party consisted of abolitionists under
    James Birney, but got no electoral votes
  • Polk won election
  • 1846 Polk arrived at compromise with Britain
    over Oregon issue and 49th parallel became new
    U.S.-Canadian border

21
War with Mexico
  • After compromise over Oregon was reached, U.S.
    attention was diverted to southern and western
    borders of the nation
  • Texians wished to join the Union and President
    Tyler invited them to join as the 28th state
  • Dec., 1845 Texas statehood confirmed by Congress
  • Boundary dispute between Mexico and U.S.
  • Polk sent John Slidell as an envoy to oversee
    purchase of California and disputed parts of
    Texas from Mexico, but deal fell through
  • Polk was determined to obtain this territory for
    the U.S., either through negotiation or through
    force
  • Jan., 1846 Conflict broke out when Gen. Zachary
    Taylor provoked Mexico, by crossing the disputed
    border between Mexico and Texas
  • Taylor was forced to retreat after a few American
    soldiers lost their lives

22
U.S. Mexican War
23
War with Mexico
  • Polk used this bloodshed on American soil as an
    excuse to declare war on Mexico
  • Many nativists, abolitionists and
    transcendentalists opposed the war
  • Polk was looked upon as an aggressor looking for
    an excuse to grab land for the U.S.
  • Polks campaign was 3-pronged
  • Gen. Zachary Taylor was sent to northern Mexico
  • Gen. Stephen Kearny was sent to New Mexico and
    then to California
  • Gen.-in-Chief Winfield Scott landed in Vera Cruz
    via water
  • Scotts troops brought Mexicans to their knees by
    committing atrocities such as murder, robbery and
    rape
  • Sept., 1847 War ended when Mexico City
    surrendered

24
War with Mexico
  • Un-equal match between the 2 countries
  • U.S. military strength far superior to that of
    Mexico
  • Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo was signed between
    the 2 countries by which Mexico gave up all
    claims to Texas, and also gave to the U.S., all
    Mexican territory west of Texas border (New
    Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, and California)
  • Residents of the area were given 1 year to decide
    whether to stay and become citizens or move to
    Mexico
  • In exchange for the land, U.S. paid Mexico,
  • 18, 250,000

25
Background Miss. Compromise
  • James Monroe is President (1817-1825)
  • Population explosion in Trans-Appalachian Region
  • Settlers face same problems of life in the West
    (masters/slaves debtors/creditors)
  • Transportation Revolution roadways, turnpike and
    canal construction underway
  • Great debate in Congress whether Missouri should
    be admitted as a slave state or a free state
  • Resulted in the Missouri Compromise

26
The Missouri Compromise
  • 1819 The U.S. had 22 states in the Union
  • Slavery was legal in 11 of these states and had
    been abolished in the 11 other states
  • Created a balance of senators between free and
    slave states
  • 1819 Missouri applied for statehood as the 23rd
    state
  • Started fiery debate whether it would be accepted
    as free state or slave state, since it would tip
    the balance in Congress to one side
  • Maine (until then, a part of Massachusetts) also
    applied for statehood in 1820
  • Compromise arrived at after much debate and
    arguments
  • Missouri would join Union as Slave state and
    Maine would join as Free state
  • It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana
    Territory north of the parallel 3630' north
    except within the boundaries of the proposed
    state of Missouri

27
The Missouri Compromise
28
Ways West
  • Land Act of 1820 enabled settlers in the area to
    buy a minimum of 80 acres at the cost of 1.25 an
    acre in cash
  • This act along with transportation boom resulted
    in population increase in the area
  • Many European-American immigrants moved west
  • 1825 Eric Canal completed
  • Great economic, political, and religious
    significance
  • Engineering feat used canal locks system
  • Raised the material standard of living of people
    outside of the cities
  • New York City became important port and financial
    center in the U.S.
  • Farm towns changed to robust trading centers

29
The Monroe Doctrine
  • President Monroe issued an 1823 statement on
    Latin America, known today as the Monroe Doctrine
  • The American colonies were closed to new
    exploration
  • The political systems of the Americas were
    separate from those of Europe
  • The United States would consider hostile any
    influence from European powers
  • The United States would refrain from interference
    in established colonies in the New World
  • No foreign nations would be allowed to intervene
    in the Western Hemisphere

30
The Monroe Doctrine
  • Monroe Doctrine considered a self-defense measure
    aimed at Russia, Spain and Britain
  • Document was more a statement of principle than
    action
  • U.S. lacked naval power to back up Doctrine at
    this time
  • Comes in handy in the future when U.S. defense is
    well established
  • Results in Russo-American Treaty of 1824, by
    which Russia agreed to pull out of area north of
    Alaskan panhandle

31
Election of 1824
  • Election of 1824 had many candidates for
    PresidentJackson, Adams, Clay, Crawford
  • Jackson wins popular vote
  • Representative Henry Clay withdrew from race,
    promising Jackson support, but endorsed Adams
    instead
  • Adams wins in House of Representatives with Henry
    Clays support
  • Adams becomes President and named Clay, Secretary
    of State
  • Clays appointment as Secretary of State leads to
    charges Adams "bought" the presidency

32
Election of 1824
  • Adams is President for only one term

33
Andrew Jackson
  • Jackson wins overwhelming victory in Election of
    1828
  • Known as the President of the Common (white) Man
  • Jackson becomes a symbol of democracys triumph
  • Against Bank of U.S.
  • Actions of Jackson and his party re-fashion
    national politics in a democratic mold
  • Fires at will officeholders he does not like
  • Defends his actions by asserting the right of all
    men to a government post

34
Federal Authority its Opponents
  • After War of 1812, questions arise, about role of
    federal authority in states politics
  • All 3 branches played each other to get more
    influence over each other as well as the states
  • Jackson claimed that the people wanted an
    increase in presidential power
  • Ended charter to Second Bank of the U.S.
  • This increase in presidential power and the
    closure of bank gave rise to alarm in the south
  • Southern slave owners felt their slave-owning
    status may be threatened by the increase in
    presidential power

35
Judicial Federalism Limits of Law
  • Supreme Court under Chief Justice Marshall went
    about limiting power of states
  • Notable Case 1 McCulloch v. Maryland
  • Second Bank of the U.S. authorized by Congress to
    help control the unregulated issuance of currency
    by state banks
  • Many continued to oppose the bank's
    constitutionality, and Maryland set an example by
    imposing a tax on all banks not chartered by the
    state
  • Marshall ruled that only Congress had the power
    to create as well as preserve such an
    institution, not individual states

36
Judicial Federalism Limits of Law
  • Notable Case 2 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and
    Worcester v. Georgia
  • Increased resentment between white population of
    Georgia and Cherokee Nation (Cherokee, Creek,
    Chickasaw, Seminole Choctaw)
  • Increased need for land to cultivate cotton by
    white farmers
  • 1827 Cherokee leaders proclaim that they were a
    sovereign nation, independent of any interference
    from individual states
  • White settlers wanted them removed from this area

37
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
  • Problem compounded by discovery of gold in
    Cherokee territory and an influx of white miners
    into the area
  • Cherokees called this the Great Intrusion
  • Pres. Jackson saw Cherokee nation as a speed bump
    in the way of Georgias economic prosperity
  • He wanted the Indians (savages) removed
    completely from the Southwest to give way to
    establishment of towns and prosperous farms

38
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
  • Under Presidential pressure, Congress passed
    Indian Removal Act of 1830
  • Under these treaties, the Indians were to give up
    their lands east of the Mississippi in exchange
    for lands to the west
  • Those wishing to remain in the east would become
    citizens of their home state
  • This act affected not only the southeastern
    nations, but many others further north
  • The removal was supposed to be voluntary and
    peaceful, and it was that way for the tribes that
    agreed to the conditions
  • But the southeastern nations resisted, and
    Jackson forced them to leave

39
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
  • Cherokee leaders petitioned their case to the
    Georgia legislature with no success
  • Next they appealed to the Supreme Court hoping to
    be recognized as an independent nation and to
    nullify the Indian Removal Act
  • 2 Cases Cherokee Nation V. Georgia and Worcester
    V. Georgia
  • Court agreed that the Cherokees were not bound by
    Georgia law, but they were a dependent nation
    under authority of the U.S. government
  • Court also ruled that the state did not have
    authority to remove Indians from this
    region.states had to allow the federal
    government to make decisions regarding Indians

40
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
  • Both the Governor of Georgia, as well as Pres.
    Jackson rejected Supreme Court rulings
  • 1832 President sent troops to Georgia to enforce
    Indian removal from the area
  • By 1837, the Jackson administration had removed
    46,000 Native American people from their land
    east of the Mississippi, and had secured treaties
    which led to the removal of a slightly larger
    number
  • Most members of the five southeastern nations had
    been relocated west, opening 25 million acres of
    land to white settlement and to slavery
  • Cherokee migration west was also called The
    Trail of Tears because many died from cold,
    hunger, and disease

41
The Tariff of Abominations
  • 1828 Congress passed legislation that raised
    fees on imported finished goods as well as raw
    materials
  • Tariff affected Southern cotton planters who
    named the new tariff an Abomination
  • Tariff renewed after 4 years
  • South Carolina evoked state sovereignty and nulls
    and voids the tariff
  • Jackson issued Nullification Proclamation in
    1832 in retaliation, by which states could not
    nullify federal laws or secede from the Union
  • Compromise arrived at between federal govt. and
    South Carolina with a 10 reduction in tariff
    over an 8-year period

42
Religion
  • 1830 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
    (Mormons) established by Joseph Smith
  • Mormons followed a faith that was derived from
    the Old and New Testaments as well as The Book
    of Mormons
  • Mormon Church became very popular and also
    festered hostility among traditional Protestants

43
Literacy in America
  • Publishing of books, magazines and periodicals
    became popular in the early part of 19th century
  • 1821 Sarah Hale (Mary had a Little Lamb) became
    first woman editor of a periodical
  • Hale was poet and novelist who portrayed women in
    a subtly powerful light, saying the reason for a
    mans success was the womans influence on him
    and his actions
  • Washington Irving Legend of Sleepy Hollow, Rip
    Van Winkle
  • James Fenimore Cooper The Last of the Mohicans,
    The Spy

44
The European Menace
  • Jefferson becomes President for the second time
    in 1804
  • Alexander Hamilton (Federalist) killed in duel
    with Aaron Burr
  • He had to deal with issues with European
    powerhouses, Britain and France
  • Britain involved in a war with France
  • Also issues Orders in Council in 1806, whereby
    any country that wanted to ship goods to France
    had to first stop at a British port to pay taxes
  • This aggravates the Americans
  • Britain and France also continue their annoying
    policy of impressment of American seamen
  • Jefferson does not want war and resorts to
    economic warfare

45
The Embargo Act
  • Passage of Act triggered by British attack on
    U.S. ship, and the killing of a few Americans
  • 1807 Jefferson decided to fight back with the
    Embargo Act
  • By this Act, all American exports to France and
    Britain were to be stopped in order for these
    powers to gain respect for the U.S. as an
    independent nation
  • New Englands foreign trade economy suffered as a
    result of the Act
  • Affected farmers as well as shipbuilders in New
    England as well as cotton and tobacco farmers of
    the South
  • Many found other ways to avoid Act by shipping
    goods from Canada
  • Passage of Act boosted domestic industrialization
    and intensified tension between Britain and
    America

46
On the Brink of War
  • Jefferson refuses a 3rd term as President
  • New President in 1808 election is James Madison
    (Federalist turned Dem-Rep.)
  • 1808 Shawnee Indian resistance led by Tecumseh
    and his brother
  • Founded Prophets Town in Indiana as a sovereign
    Indian state for the preservation on the Native
    American culture
  • 1809 Indians sell 3million acres of land to
    Americans for a very low price, cheated while
    being under the influence of liquor. Indian
    leaders very upset by this deal
  • 1809 Embargo repealed in favor of
    Non-Intercourse Act
  • U.S. will resume trade with England and France
    based on promise to cease seizure of U.S. vessels

47
On the Brink of War
  • Madison reopens English trade on unconfirmed
    promise of British minister
  • English reject agreement, seize U.S. ships that
    opened trade with England
  • 1810 Macons Bill, 2 replaces the
    Non-Intercourse Act
  • Trade with both England and France reestablished
  • First nation to respect American rights wins halt
    of U.S. trade with the other
  • Napoleon promises to observe U.S. rights but
    reneges when trade reopened
  • 1811 American troops under William Henry
    Harrison, defeated Shawnee Indians under Tecumseh
    at Tippecanoe
  • Prophets Town burned to the ground
  • Indian defeat attributed to superior weapons of
    Americans

48
The War of 1812 Background
  • James Madison becomes President in 1812 for
    second term
  • Congressional War Hawks demand war on England to
    preserve American honor
  • War Hawks young Democratic-Republicans from the
    western states who wanted to establish America as
    an honorable nation
  • They believed that the Indians were being
    supported by the British, and in order to
    suppress future Indian resistances, they had to
    stop British arms supply to Indians from Canada

49
The War of 1812
  • June 1, 1812 President Madison sent England
    American grievances
  • British Navys seizure of Americans
  • Blockade of American goods
  • Indian conflicts supported by British
  • June 18, 1812 Congress voted to declare war on
    England
  • War fought between 1812 and 1815 between U.S. and
    Britain
  • Americans not at all prepared for war with
    superior British military and navy
  • Congress refuses to raise wartime taxes
  • New England refuses to support war effort
  • United States Army small and state militias
    inadequate

50
The War of 1812
  • Americans follow a 3-pronged attack on Canada by
    striking from Niagara, Detroit, Lake Champlain
  • All 3 attempts failed
  • Tecumseh fighting for the British captured
    Detroit in 1812
  • Sept. 1813 U.S. troops under Perry, gain control
    of Great Lakes in Battle of Put-In Bay (Lake
    Erie)
  • Oct. 1813 U.S. troops under Henry Harrison
    defeated Tecumsehs Indian warriors, in Battle of
    the Thames. Tecumseh killed in battle
  • 1814 English defeated Napoleon, freeing up
    troops for war in U.S

51
The War of 1812
52
Fighting on Many Fronts
  • March, 1814 Battle of Horseshoe Bend, defeat of
    Red Sticks by Andrew Jackson, and the resulting
    Treaty gave U.S. 23 million acres of Creek land
  • August 24, 1814 Battle of Bladensburg, Maryland,
    and the burning of the Capitol and White House by
    the British
  • Americans fight back and win the Battle of
    Baltimore
  • Victory at Baltimore inspired Francis Scott Key
    to write the Star Spangled Banner
  • January, 1815 The Battle of New Orleans, an
    overwhelming victory for Jackson, against
    superior British forces

53
War Ends Treaty of Ghent, 1815
  • Fall of 1814 Madison decides to end the war
  • John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay, sent to Ghent,
    Belgium, to start peace talks
  • British make demands on America, but after their
    losses in the battles, withdrew the demands
  • War ended in a draw with no one victor
  • No new territory for either side, no concessions
    from Britain
  • Still, the War of 1812 considered by many
    Americans as a victory for the nation
  • America and Britain never again fought against
    each other, as enemies
  • Congress ratified the Treaty of Ghent in Feb.
    1815

54
Hartford Convention 1814
  • Dec. 1814, Federalists from Massachusetts,
    Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and
    Vermont sent delegates to Hartford, Connecticut
  • Impatient with war and its effect on economy
  • Demanded federal aid to states to compensate for
    loss of revenue from disrupted trade
  • Some state delegates threatened to secede from
    the Union
  • Proposed Constitutional changes to lessen power
    of South and West
  • Treaty of Ghent, victory at New Orleans makes
    Convention and its members appear disloyal
  • Federalist party never recovers

55
Praise Respect for Veterans after the War
  • American Veterans of the War of 1812 were treated
    with respect by all
  • Congress awarded Veterans a grant of 160-acre
    plots of land between Illinois and Mississippi
    rivers to reward them for their services
  • Grant encouraged many to move west and settle in
    homesteads
  • Many veterans became politicians (Andrew Jackson,
    William Henry Harrison)
  • Indian veterans such as Major Ridge (Cherokee
    leader) accorded American respect
  • Ridge advocated for Native Americans to retain
    Native American lands, in spite of absorbing
    Western culture into his own life

56
A Thriving Economy
  • Internal migration Many choose to move to the
    west to look for better economic opportunities
  • Embargo Act and War of 1812 help boost national
    manufacturing and economy
  • Philadelphia became nations top industrial city
    of the time
  • New means of transportation also boosts economy
  • Stagecoaches, wagons, boats, horseback
  • 1807 Robert Fulton introduces the steamboat
  • 1810 Building of turnpikes Cumberland Road

57
Changes in the Workplace
  • Industrial Revolution changed the way people had
    been living until then
  • Changed from small shops with skilled workers, to
    larger establishments using unskilled workers
  • Performed repetitive tasks under supervision of
    boss
  • New England mechanized textile production
  • Rhode Island followed Lowell model of
    manufacturing
  • Role of young women changed forever

58
The Market Revolution
  • Powerful economic changes fueled by improvements
    in transportation, increasing commercialization,
    rise of factories, and changes to average
    Americans life
  • Mid-nineteenth century, U.S. dramatically
    different than U.S. of 1776.
  • Transportation barriers between country and city
    fall
  • Entrepreneurs start putting out system
    merchant-capitalists
  • Restless Americans with great acquisitiveness
  • Western Indians suffer, children and women work
    in factories, slaves are pushed harder

59
Rise of Cotton Plantation Economy
  • Cotton production increased due to invention of
    cotton gin, Louisiana Purchase
  • Resulted in boom in slavery
  • 1808 U.S. bans importation of slaves
  • Need for labor results in slave trade between
    states (domestic)
  • African Americans reinforce African culture,
    tradition and family bonds, in everyday life,
    resulting in harsher laws from Whites

60
Regional Economies of the South
  • Shifts in production methods and the depleted
    tobacco-growing soil led to more crafts
    production, cultivation of wheat and corn.
  • South Carolina and Georgia Technical advances in
    rice production and cotton cultivation
  • Louisiana Territory Cotton and New Orleans sugar

61
Black Family Life and Labor
  • Increasing birth rate and strong family ties
    among the slaves
  • Newcomers adopted as relations
  • Large plantations had more 2-parent families than
    the smaller farms
  • The task system (rice plantations) and the gang
    system (cotton plantations)
  • Forms of labor
  • Work under white supervision
  • Private work including tending gardens, working
    on living quarters
  • Sale or clandestine exchanges of goods

62
European Immigrants Irish
  • Life in Ireland was miserable
  • Reason for immigration Growing population,
    smaller plots of land for cultivation, cruel
    English laws which hurt Irelands economy, potato
    famine, death due to starvation
  • 1820s 50,000 Irish immigrants
  • 1830s 200,000 Irish immigrants
  • 1850s More than a million

63
Irish Immigrants
  • Irish immigrants lived in big cities like New
    York, Philadelphia or Boston
  • Received assistance from previous immigrants in
    settling down into new life
  • Most had no money to move westward
  • Life not much different in the U.S.
  • Most were Roman Catholic, and were resented by
    U.S. born Protestants, who feared competition for
    jobs due to their large numbers
  • Many got menial jobs since Protestant employers
    were discriminatory

64
Germans
  • 1831-1850 Over 1/2 a million Germans arrived in
    America
  • Rebellion in Prussia in 1848 fueled German
    immigration
  • Revolutions against the Austrian Empire sent
    Italians, Czechs, and Hungarians to the U.S.
  • Germans settled mainly in the Midwest
  • Many came to U.S. with some money to be able to
    buy land for farming, or to set up a business
  • Farmers, merchants

65
The Slave Trade
  • Boom in slave trade during 19th century
  • Slaves were bought and sold between the upper and
    lower South
  • Prices of slaves went up
  • Sale of slave children rose, and broke up many
    slave families, who never saw their family
    members again
  • Free blacks migrated out of slave states to the
    north
  • Enslaved blacks ran away to the north as well
  • Many found supportive black communities, but also
    found competition with white menial workers
    (Irish)

66
Life of Migrants in the West
  • Life not easy for people who moved west
  • Mormons looked down upon by Protestants and not
    accepted into society due to belief in polygamy
  • Many Mormons living in Illinois decide to migrate
    West to escape religious persecution
  • Settled in present-day Utah (Salt Lake City)
  • Community prospered and became an agricultural
    community, due to disciplined church life and
    successful irrigation system
  • 1834 Protestant missionaries settle near modern
    day Walla-Walla, Washington, but meet hostile
    resistance from Indians

67
Life of Migrants in the West
  • The Great Migration of 1843
  • U.S. Government commissioned survey of the Oregon
    Trail to help settlers
  • Expedition led by John Fremont gave migrants
    valuable information on climate, availability of
    pasture land and water, as well as length of
    journey and environment
  • Oregon settlement not very strong
  • Indians resentful of white presence
  • Measles epidemic brought in by new settlers
    killed many Indians

68
Political Scene
  • Diverse population as well as diverse regional
    economies in U.S.
  • Differences in basic beliefs and principles
  • Increased tensions between different regions due
    to this diversity
  • Politically, Second Party System in place
  • First Party System Federalists v.
    Anti-Federalists
  • Federalists slowly faded away, Anti-Federalists
    evolved in Democratic Republicans
  • Second Party System Dem. Republicans v. Whigs
  • 2 groups existed Jacksonian Democrats and Whigs
  • Democrats were pro-Jackson while Whigs were
    anti-Jackson
  • Issue of slavery was one very important bone of
    contention between the 2 groups

69
Slavery Issue
  • 1830-1840s A rise in abolitionist feelings
  • 1831 Garrison launched The Liberator
  • 1833 American Anti-Slavery Society formed by a
    group of whites and blacks
  • 1833 Slavery abolished in British West Indies
    and this encouraged anti-slavery sentiment in
    America
  • Abolitionists believed slavery was immoral and
    dehumanizing, and the government had to take
    immediate action to remove slavery from American
    society

70
Slavery Issue
  • Abolitionists supported by a small group of
    whites as well as free blacks, from the North
  • White women also empathized with the black
    struggle, and many were out-spoken about their
    feelings
  • White men were resentful to both free people of
    color as well as women for their pro-abolitionist
    actions
  • They looked upon both groups as inferior to them,
    unintelligent and hence fit only for domestic
    work

71
Slavery Issue
  • Abolitionist activity opposed by southern slave
    owners, as well as northern white
    anti-abolitionists
  • Whites feared that freed blacks would take their
    jobs
  • 1834 New Haven, CT school for young women of
    color attacked
  • 1835 William Lloyd Garrison (The Liberator) was
    attacked by another white mob
  • 1837 Elijah Lovejoy (abolitionist), publisher of
    Alton Observer murdered by whites in Alton,
    Illinois
  • 1841 La Amistad case fought and won, by John
    Quincy Adams in the Supreme Court for the
    Africans and abolitionists
  • 35 out of 53 African captives aboard the
    Amistad were returned to Africa
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