CARBOHYDRATES

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CARBOHYDRATES

• Sugars, Starches, The Dentist, and Atkins
• February 2, 2009
• Dr. Hirsch

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Six Classes of Nutrients

• Carbohydrate
• Protein
• Fat
• Vitamins
• Minerals
• Water

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Macronutrients Outline

• Basics and General Info
• Composition, Structure, Nomenclature
• Dietary Sources
• Functions in the Body
• Health Implications Carbohydrates and Health
• Carbohydrates as Ingredients
• Physical Functionality

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Carbohydrate Basics

• Primary role provide the body with energy
• Ultimate Targets brain and nervous system
• Considered an ideal fuel
• as compared to other sources of calories
• Less expensive than protein.
• Multiple health benefits
• High-fat diets are associated with chronic
  disease

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General Carbohydrate Info

• Constitute ¾ of biological world
• Made of carbon and water Cn(H2O)n
• All carbohydrates are composed of single sugars,
  alone or in various combinations

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Carbohydrate StructureSimple Sugars are the
Building Blocks

• MONOsaccharides

All carbohydrates are composed of single sugars,
alone or in various combinations
DIsaccharides
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Carbohydrate Structure Basics
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Carbohydrate Structure Basics
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Simple SugarGlucose Blood Sugar

• most common carbohydrate
• also known as dextrose
• main source of energy
• most quickly absorbed

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Simple SugarFructose Fruit Sugar

• absorbed much slower than glucose
• predominantly metabolized in the liver
• does not require insulin to be used
• natural sources include
• fruits, some vegetables
• honey, sugar cane and sugar beets
• generally refined from corn starch
• 15 to 80 sweeter than sucrose

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Simple SugarSucrose

• Single most abundant pure organic chemical in the
  world
• Table sugar
• Whether raw or refined, common sugar is sucrose

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Complex Carbohydrates

• Long chains of sugars
• Also called polysaccharides
• poly many
• saccharides sugar unit
• Starch
• Fibers

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Carbohydrate Sources

• Carbohydrate-rich foods are obtained almost
  exclusively from plants
• Milk is the only animal-derived food that
  contains significant carbohydrate
• Made by green plants during photosynthesis

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Dietary Recommendations
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Recommended Sources
Increase intake of complex carbohydrates
and fewer foods like thesefoods that no longer
resemble their original farm-grown products.
We are advised to choose plenty of whole foods
like this
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Carbohydrate Function and Uses in the Body

• Primary role to provide the body with energy
• Energy 4 cal/g

• Digestion enables breakdown of polysaccharides
  into GLUCOSE
• Cells need glucose 24hrs/day
• Stored in the form of glycogen
• Brain and nervous system cannot store glucose

glucose

• Can you tell when your sugar stores are low?
• Nauseous, dizzy, anxious, lethargic, irritable

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Effect of Carbohydrates
Glycemic Index

• A numerical system
• Measures extent of rise in circulating blood
  sugar a carbohydrate triggers
• number, blood sugar response

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Glycemic Index

• estimate of how quickly food affects your blood
  sugar

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Factors Influencing GI

• Biochemical structure of the carbohydrate
• Absorption process
• Size of the food particle
• Contents and timing of the previous meal
• Co-ingestion of fat, fiber, or protein

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Glycemic Index

• High GI 70 potatoes, white bread
• Low GI
• Not just about individual foods about your diet

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Examples of GI values
http//diabetes.about.com/library/mendosagi/ngilis
ts.htm
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Diabetes

• An inability to regulate blood glucose levels
• A disease in which an individual does not produce
  or properly use insulin

• Results in
• abnormally high levels of glucose in blood
• Because of
• lack or ineffectiveness of insulin
• hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches
  and other food into energy needed for daily life
• the true cause continues to be a mystery,
• although both genetics and environmental factors
• such as obesity and lack of exercise play roles

American Diabetes Association www.diabetes.org
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Type I vs. Type II Diabetes
Type 1 Insulin Dependent
Type 2 Non- Insulin Dependent
Incidence

• 5-10 of cases
• Pancreas unable to make insulin to meet needs
• Genetic predisposition environmental factors
• Insulin injections
• Dietary Intervention
• Reduce the amount of simple sugars
• Eat foods w/ dietary fiber
• Person will lose weight

• 90-95 of cases
• Maybe insufficient insulin or cells maybe
  unresponsive to insulin
• Genetic predisposition obesity
• Dietary intervention
• Weight loss intervention
• Person is always hungry
• Increase in obesity

Insulin
Risk factor
Treatment
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Lactose Intolerace

• Insufficient production of the enzyme lactose

Lactose
Lack enzyme to cleave this bond
Disaccharide goes into large intestine where gas
producing bacteria break it down for us
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Carbohydrates and Health

• Dietary fiber and prevention of chronic diseases
• Carbohydrates and weight loss
• Carbohydrates and dental health

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Complex Carbohydrates

• Starch
• digestible plant polysaccharide
• Fiber
• indigestible polysaccharide residues of food
• Cannot be broken down by human digestive enzymes
• some broken down by bacteria in the digestive
  tract
• few, if any, calories because not digested
• Examples cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, gums

Polysaccharide long chain of 10 or more glucose
molecules linked together the chains can be
straight or branched another term for complex
carbohydrates
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Dietary Fiber

• Components of the cell walls of plants
• cereal grains, fruits, vegetables
• Polymer of monosaccharides
• Human digestive enzymes cannot break down
• Cellulose 3000 glucose

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Carbohydrates and Prevention of Chronic
DiseasesHealth Benefits of Fiber

• Reduce the risk of
• Heart disease
• Diabetes
• Diverticular disease (gastrointestinal / GI)
• Other
• Relieves Constipation
• Hemorrhoids
• Lowers the GI/GL
• Makes you feel full

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Dietary Fiber - Two groups

• Insoluble
• fibers that mostly do not dissolve in water
• not digested by bacteria in the large intestine
• Soluble
• fibers that either dissolve or swell in water or
• are metabolized by bacteria in the large
  intestines

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Fiber Sources
http//www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/fiber.
html
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List of Whole Grains

• Amaranth
• Barley
• Brown rice
• Whole-wheat pasta or couscous
• Flaxseed
• Oats
• Quinoa
• Rye

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Complex Carbohydrates

• Whole grain refers to a grain that is milled in
  its entirety (all but the husk), not refined.
• Whole grains include wheat, corn, rice, rye,
  oats, amaranth, barley, buckwheat, sorghum, and
  millet two othersbulgur and couscousare
  processed from wheat grains.

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Complex Carbohydrates

• Whole food a food that is altered as little as
  possible from the plant or animal tissue from
  which it was takensuch as milk, oats, potatoes,
  or apples.
• The more a food resembles the original,
  farm-grown product, the more nutritious it is
  likely to be

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• HOW DID YOU DO?
• The more often you choose the items listed above,
  the higher your diet is likely to be in
  sugars.You may need to cut back on
  sugar-containing foods, especially those you
  checked as 3 to 5 times a week or more.This
  does not mean totally eliminating these foods
  from your diet.

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2. Carbohydrates and Weight Loss

• Low carb diets
• Diet and low calorie foods

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Low Carbohydrate DietsTalking about diet
composition NOT calories

• For weight loss
• the low-carb and low-fat diets end up in a
  statistical tie after a year
• People lose weight faster on low-carb diets,
  those taking the low-fat route catch up in a year

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USA Today 2/2/05Top recommendation for losing
weight - cut calories

• A good-carb diet, not a low-carb one, is how
  Agatston describes South Beach
• the No. 1 message, calories count, and then
  when you're counting calories, get the most
  nutrition for those calories you're consuming,"
  said Eric Hentges, director of the Agriculture
  Department's Center for Nutrition Policy and
  Promotion

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Atkins 2006
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Atkins 2008
http//www.atkins.com/articles/atkins_superior_nut
rition
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Atkins 2009
http//www.atkins.com/Atkins-home.html Feb 02,
2009
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South Beach Diet
http//www.southbeachdiet.com/sbd/publicsite/how-i
t-works/how-it-works.aspx
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Top 2007 Food Product Sales

• South Beach Diet 237MM
• Dreyers/Edys Slow Churned 229MM
• Breyers Double Churned 135MM
• Dannons Activia 128MM
• Coke Zero 121MM
• Gatorade Rain 120MM

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3. Carbohydrates and Dental HealthDental Caries
(Cavities)
Cavities
Bacterial Sugars

• MECHANISM
• Bacterial acid dissolves enamel
• Carbohydrate serves as food for bacteria
• Plaque on teeth sugars stay in but acids dont
  go out
• CARIOGENIC FOOD FACTORS
• Fermentable contains sugars
• Sticky
• Stays in mouth a long time (think taffy)

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Roles of Carbohydrates in Food as Ingredients

• Sweetness
• Texture
• Forms crystals
• Preservative (in high concentration)
• Color
• Caramelization (color)
• React with amino acids (Maillard reaction)
• Health benefits

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Sweetness

• Sugar Crystalline Relative
• Sweetness (RS)
• Fructose 180
• Sucrose 100
• Glucose (a, b) 74, 82
• Lactose (a, b) 16, 32
• Raffinose 1
• Note Sucrose is reference value 100

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Artificial Sweeteners

• Non-Carbohydrates
• Cyclamate 30x
• Acesulfame K 200x
• Saccharine 300x
• Aspartame 300x
• Sucralose 600x

• Benefits
• Calories
• Dental
• Limitations
• Functionality
• Safety/Perception
• Successes!

Skyrocketing business Expected growth to 2008
8.3 Approx US Sales 1.4B
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Sucralose SPLENDA Applications

• Baked goods and baking mixes
• Beverages, alcoholic
• Beverages and beverage mixes,
• Breakfast cereals
• Cheeses
• Chewing gum
• Coffee and tea
• Condiments and relishes
• Confections and frostings
• Dairy product substitutes
• Fats and oils
• Frozen dairy desserts and mixes
• Fruit and water ices
• Gelatins, puddings, and fillings
• Gravies and sauces
• Hard candy and cough drops

• Herbs, seeds, spices, seasonings, blends,
  extracts, and flavorings
• Jams and jellies
• Meat products
• Milk products
• Processed fruits and fruit juices
• Processed vegetables and vegetable juices
• Snack foods
• Soft candy
• Soups and soup mixes
• Sugar substitutes
• Sweet sauces, toppings, and syrups
• Nutritional products dietary supplements
• Pharmaceuticals

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Stevia Extract steviol glycoside rebaudioside A
(reb-A)

• NEW YORK December 15, 2008 (AP)
• Coke to Sell Drinks With Stevia Pepsi Holds Off
• Coke to begin selling drinks with stevia
  sweetener sans FDA nod PepsiCo will wait for FDA
• Coke will introduce a reduced-calorie version of
  Sprite, called Sprite Green, and some Odwalla
  juice drinks with the new sweetener.
• Pepsi will launch three flavors of a zero-calorie
  SoBe Lifewater and an orange-juice drink called
  Trop50, containing half the calories and sugar of
  orange juice.

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Evolution of Artificial Sweeteners ? BLENDS
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Polysaccharides in Foods

• Starches
• Modified Starches
• Gums
• Celluloses

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Gums

• Label Declaration
• Guar
• Locust Bean Gum
• Gum Arabic
• Carrageenan
• Alginate
• Dextran
• Xanthan Gum
• Cellulose Gel (MCC)
• Cellulose Gum (CMC)
• Pectin

• Types of Applications
• Bakery, Confections
• Beverages
• Cultured Systems
• Emulsions
• Sauces
• Gravies
• Salad Dressings
• Frozen Desserts
• Meat and Poultry
• Water and Milk Gels

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Carbohydrates in Mayonnaise? Comparison