Borrowing and Morphology in some American Languages

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Borrowing and Morphologyin some
AmericanLanguages

• Ewald Hekking Querétaro
• Dik Bakker Lancaster

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1. The Languages
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Spanish
Otomi
Quichua
Guarani
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Languages

• 1. Quechua
• Andean

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Languages

• 1. Quechua
• Andean (Ecuador Peru)
• 45 varieties, 8.5 million speakers

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Languages

• 1. Quechua
• Andean (Ecuador Peru)
• 45 varieties, 8.5 million speakers
• Flexible V N A
• Agglutinating
• Virtually no prefixes (SOV!)
• Very many suffixes (Person, TAM, Case)

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Languages

• 2. Guaraní
• Tupi (Paraguay official language)

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Languages

• 2. Guaraní
• Tupi (Paraguay)
• Several dialects, 4.700.000 speakers

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Languages

• 2. Guaraní
• Tupi (Paraguay)
• Several dialects, 4.700.000 speakers
• Flexible V N A
• Fusional
• Very many prefixes (Person)
• Many suffixes (TAM, Case/Postpos)

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Languages

• 3. Otomí

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Languages

• 3. Otomí
• Oto-Mangue (Querétaro, Mexico)

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Languages

• 3. Otomí
• Oto-Mangue (Querétaro, Mexico)
• 9 dialects, 200.000 speakers

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Languages

• 3. Otomí
• Oto-Mangue (Querétaro, Mexico)
• 9 dialects, 200.000 speakers
• Rigid only V N , no A
• Fusional
• Prefixes on V and N
• Many suffixes on V, and N

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2. The Data
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Data recorded (spoken)
Respondents Dialects Tokens
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Data recorded
Quechua (JGR) Respondents 38 Dialects 2
Tokens 79,718
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Data recorded
Quechua Guaraní (JGR) Respondents 38
38 Dialects 2 2 Tokens 79,718 57,828
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Data recorded
Quechua Guaraní Otomí (EH) Respondents 38
38 59 Dialects 2 2 2 Tokens 79,718
57,828 110,540
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Data recorded
Quechua Guaraní Otomí Respondents 38
38 59 Dialects 2 2 2 Tokens 79,718
57,828 110,540
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Example data structure
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Example data structure
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Example data structure
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Example data structure
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Example data structure
Code switches marked, and excluded
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3. Borrowing from Spanish
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Borrowings overall (tokens)
   
   
 
 
   
   
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Borrowings overall (tokens)
   
   
 
 
   
   
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Borrowings overall (tokens)
   
   
 
 
   
   
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Borrowings overall (tokens)
   
   
 
 
   
   
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Borrowings overall (tokens)
   
   
 
 
   
Significant at 0.5 Same for dialects
   
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Borrowing (general)
Quechua gt Guaraní gt Otomí
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Borrowing (general)

• Quechua gt Guaraní gt Otomí
• In line with
• relative length of contact history

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Borrowing (general)

• Quechua gt Guaraní gt Otomí
• In line with
• relative length of contact history
• sociolinguistic situation

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Borrowing (general)

• Quechua gt Guaraní gt Otomí
• In line with
• relative length of contact history
• sociolinguistic situation
• amount of bilingualism

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4. Borrowing Morphology
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Spanish affixes on native lexemes
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Spanish affixes on native lexemes
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Spanish affixes on native lexemes
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Spanish affixes on native lexemes
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Spanish affixes on native lexemes
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No systematic borrowing of Spanish morphology
into the native language
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Exceptions confirm the rule
Otomi beto grandchild beta granddaughter
(Sp. a F) (but often gender mistakes in
Spanish)
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Spanish affix on borrowed lexemes
But what about Spanish morphology on borrowed
N/V/A?
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N borrowed with morphology
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N borrowed with morphology
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N borrowed with morphology
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N borrowed with morphology
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N borrowed with morphology
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N borrowed with morphology
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N borrowed with morphology
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N borrowed with morphology
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N borrowed with morphology
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N borrowed with morphology
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V borrowed with morphology
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-
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V borrowed with morphology
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V borrowed with morphology
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-
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V borrowed with morphology
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-
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V borrowed with morphology
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-
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V borrowed with morphology
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V borrowed with morphology
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V borrowed with morphology
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V borrowed with morphology
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V borrowed with morphology
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V borrowed with morphology
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V borrowed with morphology
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A borrowed with morphology
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A borrowed with morphology
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A borrowed with morphology
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A borrowed with morphology
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A borrowed with morphology
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A borrowed with morphology
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Spanish borrowed with morphology
N and A mainly in lexicalized form Plural s may
be active on borrowed N and F a on A in
Quechua V typically borrowed with
morphologically active stem vowel in all three
languages
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Spanish borrowed with morphology
N and A mainly in lexicalized form Plural s may
be active on borrowed N and F a on A in
Quechua V typically borrowed with
morphologically active stem vowel in all three
languages IS THAT ALL?!
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5. Borrowing AND Morphology
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Borrowing and Morphology
To what extent do borrowed lexemes interact
with native morphology?
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Quechua Affixes on Spanish Loans
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Quechua Affixes on Spanish Loans
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Quechua Affixes on Spanish Loans
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Quechua Affixes on Spanish Loans
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Quechua Affixes on Spanish Loans
Almost exclusively suffixing
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Quechua Affixes on Spanish Loans
Almost exclusively suffixing - No apparent
morphological constraints on borrowed V, N and A
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Guarani Affixes on Spanish Loans
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Guarani Affixes on Spanish Loans
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Guarani Affixes on Spanish Loans
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Guarani Affixes on Spanish Loans
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Guarani Affixes on Spanish Loans
Most Person markers
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Guarani Affixes on Spanish Loans
Topic/Focus TAM markers Rel markers
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Guarani Affixes on Spanish Loans
Many person markers ( N A )
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Guarani Affixes on Spanish Loans
Many postpositions PL marker ( N A )
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Guarani Affixes on Spanish Loans
No constraints detected but often less
fused than on native N/A
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Otomi Affixes on Spanish Loans
-
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Otomi Affixes on Spanish Loans
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Otomi Affixes on Spanish Loans
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Otomi Affixes on Spanish Loans
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Otomi Affixes on Spanish Loans
Most affixes of native N V, (almost)
same frequencies but several constraints on loan
verbs, so
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6. A bit more on Otomi
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Otomi morphology and Spanish loans
1. Voicing of initial consonant on verbs in
Past.3SG
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Otomi morphology and Spanish loans

• 1. Voicing of initial consonant on verbs
• in Past.3SG
• pa    sell ? ma
• tai buy ? dai
• poni leave ? boni
• ähä sleep ? ñähä

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Otomi morphology and Spanish loans

• 1. Voicing of initial consonant on verbs
• in Past.3SG
• pa    sell ? ma
• tai buy ? dai
• poni leave ? boni
• ähä sleep ? ñähä
• Never on Spanish loan verbs

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Otomi morphology and Spanish loans
2. Apocope of final unstressed vowel or
syllable before certain verbal suffixes
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Otomi morphology and Spanish loans

• 2. Apocope of final unstressed vowel or
• syllable before certain verbal suffixes
• pädi know dí     pä-ka     
• PRES1 know-1.EMPH
• I know.
• fatsi help him-bi fax-ki.   
•                      NEG-PAST3 help-1.OBJ
•                      He didnt help me.

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Otomi morphology and Spanish loans

• 2. Apocope of final unstressed vowel or
• syllable before certain verbal suffixes
• pädi know dí     pä-ka     
• PRES1 know-1.EMPH
• I know.
• Never on Spanish loan verbs

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Otomi morphology and Spanish loans
3. No use of impersonal constructions, which
are rampant in Otomi, and marked by t- / -
/h- / n-
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Otomi morphology and Spanish loans
3. No use of impersonal constructions, which
are rampant in Otomi, and marked by t- / -
/h- / n- honi look for ? thoni pa sell ? b
a ne want ? hne juti pay ? njuti
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Otomi morphology and Spanish loans
3. No use of impersonal constructions, which
are rampant in Otomi, and marked by t- / -
/h- / n- honi look for ? thoni pa sell ? b
a ne want ? hne juti pay ? njuti
1 counterexample h-mända
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Otomi morphology and Spanish loans
4. And several other phenomena
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7. Conclusion
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Spanish morphology on native stems
- There is no evidence for any Spanish morphology
employed productively on native stems in
Quechua, Guarani or Otomi ltin our samplegt
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Spanish morphology on loans Noun
- Spanish nouns may be borrowed with
inflectional plural /-s/. In Quechua, this
seems to replace the native plural /kuna/ in
those constructions. In Guarani and Otomi it
seems to be lexical - Spanish nouns may be
borrowed with derivational suffixes (Ag,
Dim), mainly in Quechua, and less so Guarani,
but these are arguably lexical
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Spanish morphology on loans Verb
- All three languages borrow Spanish verbs with
the morphologically relevant stem vowel
(-a/-e/-i) - This is consistently so for Quechua
and Guarani, but less so for Otomi
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Spanish morphology on loans Adj
- Spanish adjectives regularly (15) have the
feminine suffix /-a/ in Quechua and Guarani.
In most cases it is either a nominalization, or
it modifies a Spanish F noun, or a native
noun representing a female referent. Maybe
productive in Quechua. - This is very rare in
Otomi
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Native morphology on loans
- In Quechua, borrowed Spanish N, V and A are
fully morphologically integrated they get all
relevant suffixes in the context - In Guarani,
borrowed N, V and A get all native prefixes
and suffixes. For V they are fused, for N and A
less so. - In Otomi, there are several
morphophonological constraints on the full
integration of borrowed lexemes
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Summing up

• - In our sample, no Spanish morphology is
  transferred
• systematically to native elements (N/V/A)
• - There is not much morphology borrowed along
• with Spanish lexical elements (N/V/A).
• - The degree of morphophonological integration of
  
• borrowed elements is high everywhere, but
  corresponds
• to the amount of overall borrowing, and does
  not seem to
• be influenced much by the morphological
  typology

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