Photo Album

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Introduction to Insects
Insect Biodiversity Phylum Arthropoda Characteris
tics Major Classes Insect Structure
Function External Internal Major Orders of Class
Insecta
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Insects account for most of the earths
biodiversity
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Insects account for most of the earths
terrestrial animal biomass
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Arthropods Exoskeleton Segmented body parts
Paired appendages Open circulatory system Open
respiratory system Ventral nerve cord
Millipedes 2 or more prs. Legs / segment
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Arthropods Centipedes 1 pr. Legs / segment
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Arthropods Arachnids Cephalothorax, Abdomen 4
prs. Legs No antennae
Spiders
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Arthropods Archnids Mites
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Arthropods Insects 3 body parts 3 prs legs 2
prs wings 1 pr. Antennae
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Exoskeleton
Prevents water loss Protection from
predators Muscle Attachments
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Ultrastructure of the Insect Exoskeleton Cuticle E
pidermis (Cellular) Basement Membrane
Epicuticle (wax, lipids)
Exocuticle Sclerotin
Procuticle
Endocuticle Chitin
Chitin Nitrogenous polysaccharide (C8H13NO5)n
Chitin
Sclerotin
Quinones
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Major Body Parts of Insects
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Perception Vision Smell Taste Feeding
The Insect Head
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Chewing Mouthparts
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Sucking Mouthparts
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Sucking Mouthparts
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Insect proboscis inserted into plant vascular
tissue
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Balsam Woolly Adelgid Proboscis
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Thorax
Locomotion 3 prs. Legs 2 prs. wings
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Insect Legs
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Abdomen Reproduction Excretion Respiration Hearing
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Sawfly ovipositing in pine needle
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Nervous System Largely Decentralized
Central Brain Ventral nerve chord Peripher
al Ganglia
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Circulatory System
Nutrient transport, Immune System, Hydraulic
mechanism No thermoregulation Not involved in
respiration
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Digestive System
Foregut, Midgut, Hindgut Foregut Hindgut are
sclerotized Gut Enzymes Gut pH Microbial
Community
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Respiratory System
Implications to insect size pesticide
efficacy
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Female Reproductive System
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Female Reproductive System pales weevil
Immature Ovaries
Oviduct
Mature Ovaries
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Male Reproductive System pales weevil
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Insect Growth and Development Growth Moulting I
mmature Stages Instars Endocrine
Control Ecdysone Moulting Hormone Steroid Devel
opment Rate Environmental factors
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Insect Growth and Development Development Hemime
tabolous Egg - Nymph (instars) -
Adult Holometabolous Egg - Larva (instars) -
Pupa - Adult Parthenogenesis Polymorphism Endocrin
e Control Juvenile Hormone Terpene Diapause Obli
gate vs. Facultative Regulation Environmentally
Induced Changes Aestivation, Migration
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Insect Growth Development
Incomplete (hemimetabolous) Development nymphs
Complete (holometabolous) Development larvae
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Orthoptera Grasshoppers Chewing Mouthparts
Hemimetabolous Leathery fore wings Membranous
hind wings
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Phasmatodea Walking Sticks Chewing Mouthparts
Hemimetabolous Herbivorous
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Mantodea Mantids Chewing Mouthparts
Hemimetabolous Predators
Mantids illustrate common features of predators
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Blattodea Termites Chewing Mouthparts
Hemimetabolous Social Feed on cellulose by using
symbionts
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Blattodea Roaches Chewing Mouthparts
Hemimetabolous
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Thysanoptera Thrips Highly Modified Mouthparts
Intermediate between chewing sucking Piercing
Sucking Mouthparts fused into cone
Asymmetric) Hemimetabolous (but complex) Fringed
wings
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Hemiptera Bugs Sucking Mouthparts
Hemimetabolous, but sometimes very
complex Heteroptera Basal portion of forewing
leathery Most predatory
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Hemiptera Bugs Homoptera Wings uniformly
membranous Most phytophagous Often very complex
life cycles
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Homoptera Scale Insects reduced body parts
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Coleoptera Beetles Chewing Mouthparts
Holometabolous Forewing thickened into
elytra Largest most diverse insect order
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Weevils Largest insect family
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Beetle Larvae Weevils, Bark beetles - grub-like
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Beetle Larvae Leaf beetles - caterpillar-like
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Diptera Flies Sucking Mouthparts
Holometabolous Hind wings highly reduced
halteres
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Diptera Ectoparasitic fluid feeders
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Diptera Gall - forming plant feeders
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Diptera Parasites of insects
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Lepidoptera Butterflies Moths Chewing
Mouthparts as Larvae Sucking as
adults Holometabolous Scaly Wings 3rd largest
insect order Mostly phytophagous
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Lepidoptera Larvae
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Hymenoptera Wasps, Bees, Ants Modified Chewing
Mouthparts Holometabolous Membranous Wings
Often Highly Modified Ovipositor 2nd largest
insect order
Sawfly adults
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Sawfly larvae
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Woodwasps
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Bees
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Parasitic wasps
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Parasitic wasp larva in gypsy moth