Lecture III: SOCIAL TURMOIL IN THE 1920S:CIVIL WAR, WAR COMMUNISM and NEP

1
Lecture IIISOCIAL TURMOIL IN THE 1920SCIVIL
WAR, WAR COMMUNISM and NEP

• In the framework of the course Crucial Issues of
  Russian Political History from the early XXth
  century up the present time
• Sergey Verigin, Ass. Prof.
• Petrozavodsk State University

2
Contents list

• Civil War. 1918-1920. "Red" and "White" terror
• Policy of War Communism
• New economic policy (NEP)

3
I. Civil War. 1918-1920. "Red" and "White"
terror Historical views of the Civil war.

• For a long time in Soviet historiography
  literature the Civil War was seen as a struggle
  of workers and peasants against internal and
  external enemies counterrevolutionary "white
  movement" and foreign military intervention. 
• But authors who wrote about the Civil War after
  emigrating from Soviet Russia (V.V.Shulgin,
  P.N.Milukov and others) had a different opinion.
  They saw the war as a wave of anarchy and strife.
• General A.Denikin titled his book "Essays of
  Russian strife". They saw the Bolsheviks as a
  guilty party in starting the war.
• Historian S.P.Melgunov in his work "Red terror in
  Russia, 1918-1923", provided numerous facts which
  proved this opinion. In the minds of the Soviet
  people the Civil War is seen as a struggle
  between "red" (supporters of Soviet power) and
  "white" (their enemies).
• But the political spectrum during this war was as
  wide as it was in 1917 or even wider. In the
  Civil War Bolsheviks had to struggle against not
  only the white movement but also the "democratic
  counterrevolution" (supporters of the Constituent
  Assembly) and even with their former allies, left
  social - revolutionaries and anarchists.

4
Bolsheviks measures against enemies

• After taking power Bolsheviks began persecuting
  right and liberal organisations.
• November 1917 - Lenin signed the decree "For
  the arrest of leaders who opposed the
  revolution", which declared the cadets party as
  enemies of the people. Members of this party were
  supposed to be arrested and appear before the
  revolutionary tribunals. There were executions of
  non-proletarian people. 
• As a result, opposition to the Bolsheviks grew.
  Even before the end of 1918 there were several
  anti-Bolshevik organisations, such as the
  "Committee of the salvation of Russia and
  revolution", the "Committee of public salvation"
  and others.

5
Russian Civil War, 1918-1920
6
First steps of the Civil war

• January 6, 1918 - after the dispersal of the
  Constituent assembly, the Bolshevik's enemies
  began to arm themselves.
• Before May 1918 military performances against
  Bolsheviks were not substantial.
• The march of general P.Krasnov on Petrograd and
  the mutiny of the junkers in Moscow in October
  1917
• the revolts of Cossack chieftains A.Kaledin on
  the Don and A.Dutov in the Southern Urals,
• the offensive of L.Kornilov on Ekaterinodar in
  1917 - early 1918 were not co-ordinated with each
  other. The white movement had just begun its
  formation.

7
SRs and Mensheviks in the war

• The beginning of the full-scale Civil war is
  connected with the revolt of Czechoslovakian
  military corps organised by SR (social
  revolutionaries).
• The Czechoslovakian corps had to be transferred
  to Vladivostok, but the corps spread out along
  the entire territory from the Urals to
  Vladivostok. Along this vast territory during the
  revolt Soviet power was overthrown and
  governments which supported the Constituent
  assembly appeared. Mensheviks and SRs played the
  leading role in these governments. However,
  Mensheviks and SR's attempts to find the "third
  line" in the Civil War - to fight against the
  monarchists and Bolsheviks were unsuccessful.
• However, the Bolsheviks disbanded the Assembly
  and there after the SRs became of less political
  significance. The Left SR party became the
  coalition partner of the Bolsheviks in the Soviet
  Government, although they resigned their
  positions after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was
  signed. A few Left-SRs like Yakov Blyumkin joined
  the Communist Party. The PSR and other
  anti-Bolshevik parties were banned in 1918. SR
  leaders and party members were arrested,
  imprisoned, and exiled, and some were executed
  in response, some SRs turned once again to
  terrorism. A former SR, Fanya Kaplan, tried to
  assassinate Lenin in response to proscription of
  SR members on August 30, 1918. Many SRs fought
  for the Whites and Greens in the Russian Civil
  War.

8
Anarchists

• Before summer 1918 leftist wing SR left the
  Bolsheviks Government. They were sharply against
  the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and confiscation of
  food in villages. In July 1918 they organised the
  mutiny against the Bolsheviks in Moscow and the
  Volga district.
• By this time the contradictions between the
  Bolsheviks and anarchists became clear. During
  the first months after the October revolution
  anarchists were loyal to the Soviet power. The
  Treaty of Brest-Litovsk divided them into
  supporters and adversaries of the Soviet regime. 
• Supporters of the Soviet power appeared. Some of
  them, such as A.Szheleznyakov, D.Furmanov and
  others even fought in the Red Army. The majority
  of the Anarchists took an antibolshevik stands.
  The Anarchists took part in the mutiny of the
  leftist SR and after it they began an "active
  terror" against the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks
  had mixed feelings towards the Anarchists. It was
  illustrated in their relation toward the
  insurgent peasant army led by Nestor Makhno,
  which was active in the Ukraine.

9
Nestor Makhno(1888 - 1934)

• Makhno is perhaps one of the most famous leaders
  of world anarchy movement.
• Unlike many of his fellow anarchists he had a
  chance to try anarchist ideas in real life.
• Makhno spent 7 years (1907-1917) in exile in
  Siberia.
• Revolution of 1917 freed him and in 1918-21 he
  headed the peasant anarchy movement in Ukraine.
• The amount of people in his "republic" reached up
  to 35 th people. Makhno tried to fight Germans,
  anti-revolutionary forces and Bolsheviks.
• In 1920-21 his army suffered several defeats from
  the Red Army and Makhno had to flee abroad.

10
Nestor Makhno(1888 - 1934)
11
Nestor Makhno(1888 - 1934)

• At first Makhno's army and the Bolsheviks fought
  together against Petlura's army.
• Being a part of the Red Army Makhno's soldiers
  retained their black flags and the principles of
  their internal organisation.
• In the Ukraine in the territory under Makhno's
  control the peasants had self-government and the
  principle of the equal use of the land was
  realised. When the Bolsheviks attempts to
  confiscate food failed, Makhno broke off
  relations with them. The situation was created
  that the Bolsheviks used the Anarchists and at
  the same time they oppressed them.
• In June 1919 the Bolsheviks caught and executed
  the members of Makhno's staff. After that for the
  first time Makhno inflicted a blow against the
  Reds. The failure between the Bolsheviks and
  Makhno was one of the reasons of the defeat on
  the Southern front of the Red Army against white
  general Denikin.
• After the Red Army's retread from the Ukraine,
  Makhno was the only power left to fight against
  Denikin. He fought on 2 fronts-against "the reds"
  and against "the whites".In 1920 the Bolsheviks
  using political promises were able to attract
  Makhno's troops to struggle against white general
  Vrangel and took control of Crimea. But after
  that his troops were surrounded and disarmed. The
  commanders were shot. Makhno himself continued to
  fight until the middle of 1921, but the balance
  of forces had changed and his troops were
  defeated.

12
General Anton Denikin(1872 - 1947)

• One of the leaders of the White
• movement

13
General Petr Vrangel(1878 -1928)

• One of the leaders of the White movement

14
Aleksandr Kolchak
15
White movement

• The movement of Mencheviks and SR's was weak
  during the Civil War. They opposed the
  Bolsheviks, but the white movement didn't
  sympathise them. Denikin's and Kolchak's generals
  dispersed the governments of SR's and Mencheviks.
  Many of their leaders were arrested and shot. 
• Without reference to their will, Mensheviks and
  SR's allowed Admiral Kolchak to create a
  dictatorship in Siberia and the Far East.
• The white movement was the most consistent enemy
  of the Bolsheviks. Its ideologists, prince
  G.Lvov, P.Struve, V.Shulgin tried to consolidate
  the movement on the base of national identity,
  which offered the struggle for the revival of
  strong Russian stateship.
• Former Black Sea fleet commander admiral
  A.Kolchak led the struggle against the Bolsheviks
  in the East. He was able to gather 4 thousand
  soldiers. General N.Yudenich acted in the
  northwest of the country, E.Miller-in the North.
  But during the war they couldn't unify their
  fronts. 
• The social base of the white movement varied
  pretty much. It included officers, Cossacks,
  office-workers, patriotic people who believed in
  national identity.

16
The White movement

• There are several reasons for "the whites'"
  defeat
• 1) the movement wasn't unified, it included not
  only "the fighters for the national identity" but
  other people as well who came at random
• 2) the movement was discredited by Cossack
  chieftains who allowed lawless in Siberia,
  Primorye, Zabaikalye, terrorising the population.
  For example, Cossack's chieftain Grigoryev was
  famous for his cruel massacres in the Ukraine.
• 3) "the white" couldn't win the support of the
  peasants, who during the war hesitated to choose
  between "the whites" and "the reds".

17
Terror as a method of war

• The Civil War in Russia was a time of furious
  clashes when millions of people were ready to
  sacrifice their lives for the victory of their
  ideas. One of the most terrible manifestations
  of the Civil War was terror, which was used by
  all sides.
• The Bolsheviks widely used the tactic of hostage
  taking. After the murder of Petrograd
  intelligence chief (VChK) Uriztsky they shot 900
  hostages. As a response to the murder of German
  communists Rosa Luxenbourg and Karl Libknekht in
  1918 in Berlin Tsaritsin's SNK ordered all of
  their hostages to be shot. After an attempt on
  Lenin's life (30 of August 1918,) several
  thousand people were shot. Repression touched
  both individual people, and all segments of the
  population During the night from the 16th to the
  17th of July 1918 tsar Nicolas II and his family
  were shot in Yekaterinbourg. Even earlier from
  the 12th  to the 13th  of June in the suburb of
  Perm, Mikhail, the last Romanov with a title of
  emperor, was shot. But not only the reds were
  cruel. Admiral Kolchak signed the orders giving
  captive soldiers of the Red Army to the military
  tribunal. In Siberia several concentration camps
  were created for those people who sympathised
  with the Bolsheviks.
• In the end the Civil War cost Russia 10 percent
  of her population (more than 12 million people).

18
II. Policy of War CommunismEconomic views of
Bolsheviks

• At the moment of the October revolution the
  Bolsheviks didn't have a clear plan for economic
  reform. They thought that the events of October
  would spur the socialist revolution in Europe and
  German proletariat would play the main role.
• Lenin wrote at that time "We drudged socialism
  into everyday life and now we must understand all
  of what that means". The orientation of the
  Bolsheviks economic policy became the economic
  model, written by Marx and Engels. 
• According to this model the dictatorship of the
  proletariat must monopolise all ownership,
  equality must lead in society, it means they took
  a course of changing from free market into
  centralised distribution.

19
War communism

• The economic system that existed during the Civil
  War was named "War communism". At first this
  system was expressed in the liquidation of
  industrial, financial and trade capital. All
  private banks were nationalised, all foreign
  loans were annulled.
• The policy of war communism included following
  principles
• 1. All large factories to be controlled by the
  government.2. Production planned and organized
  by the government.3. Discipline for workers was
  strict, and strikers could be shot.4. Obligatory
  labor duty was imposed onto "non-working
  classes".5. Prodrazvyorstka requisition of
  agricultural surpluses from peasants in excess of
  absolute minimum for centralized distribution
  among the remaining population.6. Food and most
  commodities were rationed and distributed in a
  centralized way.7. Private enterprise became
  illegal.

20
War Communism

• This policy putting nearly everything of
  significance under the stringent control of
  government and martial law has only a superficial
  relation to communism, and the name was chosen
  for political reasons.
• Although this policy achieved the aim of winning
  the war, it did not eliminate hardships and in
  many instances actually aggravated them. Peasants
  refused to co-operate in producing food, as the
  government took away far too much of it. Workers
  were abandoning cities into countryside, where
  the chances to feed oneself were higher, thus
  further decreasing the possibility of the fair
  trade of industrial goods for food and worsening
  the plight of the remaining urban population.

21
Prodrazvyorstka

• January 1919 - "prodrazvyorstka" began the state
  confiscated the surplus food from the peasants
  (sometimes even the necessary food supply).
  Peasants resisted this policy. But then they
  began sending "prodotryadi"- armed groups of
  workers from the cities, which confiscated bread
  by the force of arms. 
• In addition to their food obligation, the
  peasants had to participate in the system of
  labour obligations, such as the mobilisation of
  horses and wagons. The government began imposing
  price on food. They were 46 times cheaper than
  market prices. 

22
Bolshevik party and the state system

• Already in 1918 we can't equalise the political
  system of the state with the power of the
  Soviets.
• It was during this time that the centralised
  apparatus of the Communist party's power was
  created. Central party organs such as Politburo
  and Orgburo of the CC of the RCP (B) were formed.
• Party permeated the entire state system (in 1920
  the party had 600 thousand members).

23
Effects of the "war communism" policy

• the Bolsheviks economic policy during the Civil
  War "War Communism", was directed not towards the
  development of production, but towards the
  control over distribution and consumption.
• Peasants didn't want to work for a food
  dictatorship and began to decrease sowing. The
  grain harvest for the period between 1917 and
  1920 decreased by 40 percent.
• The total amount of livestock was greatly
  decreased, too. 
• The workers were transferred from piecework to a
  wage system that reduced their interest in
  labour.
• The economy declined quickly. 
• Although this policy achieved the aim of winning
  the war, it did not eliminate hardships and in
  many instances actually aggravated them.
• As a result, a series of workers' strikes and
  peasants' rebellions (such as the Tambov and
  Kronstadt rebellions) rolled over the country.
  After the rebellions, Lenin ended the policy of
  War Communism and replaced it with the New
  Economic Policy.

24
III. New Economic policy1920-21 revolts.
Declaration of NEP

• The peasants' protests against food confiscation
  during the war took the character of arm revolts
  in the winter of 1920-1921. At the beginning of
  1921 sailors and the workers of fortress
  Kronstadt came out against the Bolsheviks. They
  were the heart of revolution in October 1917. The
  government used cruel methods the revolt in
  Kronstadt was suppressed in blood, to suppress
  peasants revolts they used regular army.
• Lenin and the other leaders of the Soviet
  government understood that the shift from war to
  peace required a different policy. 
• The New Economic Policy (NEP) was officially
  decided in the course of the 10th Congress of the
  Russian Communist Party. It was promulgated by
  decree on March 21, 1921, "On the Replacement of
  Foodstuff and Natural Resource Assessment by a
  Natural Tax." In essence, the decree required the
  peasantry to give the government a specified
  amount of any surplus agricultural, raw product,
  and fodder, and allowed them to keep the
  remaining surplus to use as capital or to trade
  for industrial goods. Further decrees refined the
  policy and expanded it to include some industries.

25
A market during the NEP time
26
A Propaganda train
27
A cart of children who died of starvation in the
famine of 1921, prior to the introduction of NEP
28
A caricature of a nepman

29
Food tax

• Food confiscation was abandoned in favour of a
  food tax .The amount of the food tax was much
  less than the previous confiscation, and it
  allowed the peasant to use the surplus food any
  way they wanted. In 1922 they helped the peasants
  a lot by reducing the food tax by 10 percent of
  the previous year's tax. In 1922 the peasant
  produced a very good harvest. But it was not
  enough. 
• The government had to create conditions for the
  sale of these agricultural products. So they
  allowed the free market system for agricultural
  products at the same time created the food tax.
• But for peasants such kind of exchange was
  unprofitable and in autumn 1921 Lenin confessed
  that the exchange between city and village had
  failed and the "black market" system appeared. So
  the Bolsheviks had to abandon limits on this
  trade and allow peasants to sell their products
  anywhere they wanted.
• The NEP succeeded in creating an economic
  recovery after the devastating effects of the
  First World War, the Russian Revolution and the
  Russian civil war. By 1928, agricultural and
  industrial production had been restored to the
  1913 (pre-WWI) level.

30
Financial reform

• Already in 1921 the state had to take steps to
  rehabilitate money. Between 1922 and 1924 there
  was a financial reform which stabilised the
  Russian currency. The creators of this reform
  were Peoples? commissioner of finances
  G.Sokolnikov, director of the State bank Sheiman
  and the member of the board of directors of the
  State bank N.Kutler who was also the former
  minister of finances in the tsar government.
  Rapid improvement of agriculture, revival of
  trade, measures for reinforcing the financial
  system allowed the government to stabilise
  industry.

31
Industrial development

• The development of industry consisted of
  supporting small and medium size enterprises,
  transferring heavy industry to "hozraschot", a
  widening of initiative and independence of
  enterprises. In the cities private persons were
  allowed to open or to rent small enterprises. In
  the middle of 1920 capitalist sector included 20
  percent of all industry. In the retail trade
  private enterprises controlled 53 percent of all
  commodity turnover.

32
Mixed character of NEP

• Over all NEP economy had a mixed character of
  market and command. The Bolsheviks resorted to
  allowing capital and elements of a free market at
  the same time they kept in their hands
  "commanding heights" such as heavy and middlesize
  industry, transportation, foreign trade and
  banks. It meant that socialist system coexisted
  with nonsocialist systems such as capitalism,
  small business and patriarchal system, gradually
  replacing them in the economy of the country.
  New economic policy created displeasure among
  some Bolshevik leaders, who saw in it a retreat
  back to capitalism. In addition, along  with the
  stabilisation of economy some negative moments
  appeared, such as the reinforcement of the role
  of private capital, the revival of the
  bourgeoisie ideology. Lenin, the creator of NEP,
  in 1922 had to declare that the retreat to
  capitalism was over and that we had to place
  private capital within limits. The same year he
  wrote "We began NEP for a long period and
  seriously, but not forever. It's a mistake to
  think that NEP ended the terror. We will return
  to terror, but an economic terror".   

33
Table Changes of the Bolshevik's policy in 1920
34
Effects of NEP

• The NEP was generally believed to be intended as
  an interim measure, and proved highly unpopular
  with the strong Marxists in the Bolshevik party
  because of its compromise with some capitalistic
  elements. They saw the NEP as a betrayal of
  communist principles, and they believed it would
  have a negative long-term economic effect, so
  they wanted a fully planned economy instead. In
  particular, the NEP benefitted the Communists'
  so-called "class enemies", the traders (Nepmen),
  while being detrimental to the workers, whom the
  Party claimed to represent.
• On the other hand, Lenin is quoted to have said
  ""NEP is for real and for a long time", which has
  been used to surmise that if Lenin were to stay
  alive longer, NEP would have continued beyond
  1929, and the controversial collectivization
  would have never happened, or it would have been
  carried out differently.

35
Effects of NEP

• In the middle of the 1920's the successes of NEP
  in the rebirth of the Russian economy were
  apparent. The recovery of the economy was
  successful and allowed the agricultural sector to
  feed the population of the country. In 1927-1928
  the USSR surpassed pre-revolution Russian in
  consumption of food. The welfare of people was
  improving.
• From the other side the realisation of NEP was
  difficult and resulted in lopsided development of
  the main branches of the countries economy
  industry obviously lagged behind the development
  of agriculture. Periodically crises appeared.
  They could have been solved by using NEP
  principles, but Stalin's striving for the
  creation of an administrative - command system,
  reinforcing his own power, these political
  factors hindered the success of NEP. 

36
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• Pipes, R. The formation of the Soviet Union
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Literature to the topic 3

• Service, R. Lenin a political life.
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• Trotsky, L. D., translated by Max Eastman. The
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