Jean Watson

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Jean Watson

• Philosophy and Science of Caring

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• Jean Watson has claimed that her caring theory
  was developed while she was having a personal
  experience (Husbands Death) in her life. She
  molded her professional and personal life in
  order to develop her theory.

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Education

• Graduated High School in West Virginia
• Graduated the Lewis Gale School of Nursing in
  1961.
• Baccalaureate degree in Nursing from University
  of Colorado, Boulder Campus in 1964.
• Masters Degree in Psychiatric-Mental Health
  Nursing from University of Colorado, Health
  Sciences Campus in 1966.
• Doctorate in Educational Psychology and
  Counseling from the University of Colorado,
  Graduate School in 1973.

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Employment

• Dr. Jean Watson is Distinguished Professor of
  Nursing and holds an endowed Chair in Caring
  Science at the University of Colorado Health
  Sciences Center.
• She is founder of the original Center for Human
  Caring in Colorado and is a Fellow of the
  American Academy of Nursing
• She previously served as Dean of Nursing at the
  University Health Sciences Center and is a Past
  President of the National League for Nursing
• Involved in early planning of the PhD program in
  Colorado
• Published Writer
• Nursing The Philosophy and Science of Caring
  (1979, 1985)
• Nursing Human Science and Human Care A Nursing
  Theory (1985, 1988, 1999)
• Postmodern Nursing and Beyond (1999)

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Achievements

• Recipient of several awards and honors including
  an international Kellogg Fellowship in Australia,
  a Fulbright Research Award in Sweden and six
  Honorary Doctoral Degrees, including 3
  International Honorary Doctorates (Sweden, United
  Kingdom, and Quebec)
• She was the 1993 recipient of the National League
  for Nursing Martha E. Rogers Award, which
  recognizes a nurse scholar who has made
  significant contributions to nursing knowledge
  that advances the science of caring in nursing
  and health sciences.
• New York University recognized her as a
  Distinguished Nurse Scholar
• In 1999, the Fetzer Institute honored her with
  the national Norman Cousins Award in recognition
  of her commitment to developing maintaining and
  exemplifying relationship-centered care practices.

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The Caritas Process

• Caritas comes from the Latin word meaning to
  cherish, to appreciate, to give special
  attention, if not loving, attention to it
  connotes something that is very fine, that indeed
  is precious
• Both postmodern and traditional
• Invites nurse to explore the intersection between
  personal and professional

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Overview of the Caring Theory

• The original theory developed in 1979, was
  organized around 10 carative factors
• Formation of a Humanistic-altruistic system of
  values
• Instillation of faith-hope
• Cultivation of sensitivity to one's self and to
  others
• Development of a helping-trusting, human caring
  relationship
• Promotion and acceptance of the expression of
  positive and negative feelings
• Systematic use of a creative problem-solving
  caring process
• Promotion of transpersonal teaching-learning
• Provision for a supportive, protective, and/or
  corrective mental, physical, societal, and
  spiritual environment
• Assistance with gratification of human needs
• Allowance for existential-phenomenological-spiritu
  al forces.

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• As Jean developed her theory over time, she
  became to change these carative factors into
  clinical caritas processes. These included
• Formation of humanistic-altruistic system of
  values, becomes "Practice of loving-kindness and
  equanimity within context of caring consciousness
  
• Instillation of faith-hope, becomes "Being
  authentically present, and enabling and
  sustaining the deep belief system and subjective
  life world of self and one-being-cared- for"
• Cultivation of sensitivity to one's self and to
  others, becomes "Cultivation of one's own
  spiritual practices and transpersonal self, going
  beyond ego self"
• Development of a helping-trusting, human caring
  relationship, becomes "Developing and sustaining
  a helping-trusting, authentic caring
  relationship"

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• Promotion and acceptance of the expression of
  positive and negative feelings, becomes "Being
  present to, and supportive of the expression of
  positive and negative feelings as a connection
  with deeper spirit of self and the
  one-being-cared-for"
• Systematic use of a creative problem-solving
  caring process, becomes "creative use of self
  and all ways of knowing as part of the caring
  process to engage in artistry of caring-healing
  practices"
• Promotion of transpersonal teaching-learning,
  becomes "Engaging in genuine teaching-learning
  experience that attends to unity of being and
  meaning attempting to stay within other's frame
  of reference"
• Provision for a supportive, protective, and/or
  corrective mental, physical, societal, and
  spiritual environment, becomes "Creating healing
  environment at all levels, (physical as well as
  non-physical, subtle environment of energy and
  consciousness, whereby wholeness, beauty,
  comfort, dignity, and peace are potentiated"
• Assistance with gratification of human needs,
  becomes "assisting with basic needs, with an
  intentional caring consciousness, administering
  human care essentials', which potentiate
  alignment of mind-body-spirit, wholeness, and
  unity of being in all aspects of care" tending
  to both embodied spirit and evolving spiritual
  emergence
• Allowance for existential-phenomenological-spiritu
  al forces, becomes "opening and attending to
  spiritual-mysterious, and existential dimensions
  of one's own life-death soul care for self and
  the one-being-care-for.

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• The nurse seeks to recognize, accurately detect,
  and connect with the inner condition of spirit of
  another through genuine presence and being
  centered in the caring moment actions, words,
  behaviors, cognition, body language, feelings,
  intuition, thought, senses, the energy field, and
  so on, all contribute to transpersonal caring
  connection
• A caring occasion occurs whenever the nurse and
  another come together with their unique life
  histories and phenomenal fields in a
  human-to-human transaction

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Jean Watsons Definition of the Metaparadigm

• Person
• A human being has needs (biophysical,
  psychophysical, psychosocial and intrapersonal)
  that are to be valued, respected, supported and
  cared for.

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• Environment
• The environment should be conducive to holistic
  healing (mentally, physically, socially,
  spiritually) as it is critical to the patients
  well being.
• Health
• Health is viewed in a holistic approach it is
  being able to function mentally, physically,
  spiritually, and socially to your full capacity.

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• Nursing
• The contact and the bond between two individuals
  is the foundation of nursing. Providing
  professional, caring, and thoughtful interactions
  in order to promote holistic health and prevent
  illness.

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Image of Nursing

• The time period in which Jean Watson created her
  caring theory was in the late 70s to early 80s.
• During this period, even though there were men in
  nursing, the image and identity problems was
  still focused on females.
• Across time the image of nursing in art,
  literature, movies and the media has been
  negative.

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• In 1983, Playboy ran the first face of a woman on
  the cover. Instead of a nude body, the face was
  that of a nurse. This was identified by her
  nurses cap.

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Stereotypes of Nurses during this Time

• Angel of Mercy
• Handmaiden to the Physician
• Woman in White
• Sex Symbol
• Battle-Ax
• Torturer

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• Nursing is also known to the public as a woman
  giving sponge baths and cleaning bed pans
• These negative images of the nurse have been
  instilled in the publics consciousness and to
  present we still face many of these stereotypes.
• Ex. Many people still dress up for Halloween as a
  sexy nurse.

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• In Watsons words, nurses are searching for the
  way to care in a society that refuses to value
  caring, and the way to serve without being
  subservient.

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A view from Outside the Nursing Profession

• Muff (1988, p.200) in her research has found
  something that we believe as a group most
  students believe to be true.
• This is that, each instructor believes that
  his/her way is the right way. However, our
  profession is supposed to be about being
  autonomous nurses people who can change and
  lead. Faculty and hospitals tend to reward this
  compliance and use of traditional values
• In essence, this underrates our profession
  because it suppresses our creative, inquisitive
  and risk taking behaviours, which could all push
  our profession to the next level.

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Caring in Action The Patient Care Facilitator
Role

• Summer of 2001 the Nurse Governance Council at
  the Baptist Hospital in Miami adopted Jean
  Watsons philosophy and theory of caring.
• The nurses there felt that there were cracks in
  the health care system for patients, nurses and
  health care providers
• They researched the impact of the role of
  continuity of care for patients and caring
  behaviors of nurses

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• To heal these fractures they developed the
  Patient Care Facilitator
• Purpose of PCF is to enact professional nursing
  practice that exemplify both caring and
  continuity of care
• Caring was identified as a primary need of the
  patient
• PCF is an experienced nurse who provides
  leadership
• Control of only small group of patients (12-16)

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• Primary role is to know each patient in that area
  and serve as an advocate for the course of their
  stay
• They act as a liaison
• PCF becomes a consistent person that the patient
  and family see daily
• While other health care members are concentrating
  elsewhere the PCF is working always on care
  activities

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• As they developed the role of PCF they researched
  strategies on how to evaluate the effectiveness
  of the model
• Determined that the purpose was to look at the
  impact of the nursing care delivery model changes
  on continuity of care since the PCF role
• Jean Watsons philosophy and theory of caring
  guided their research

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• Compared those patients who had contact with a
  PCF and those who did not
• They used a questionnaire for those in the health
  care team who had worked with a PCF
• Interviewed 27 patients and staff
• Questionnaire for approx. 559 patients

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• The PCF role increased the continuity of care for
  the patients
• Patients who had a PCF for their care said that
  they felt ready to go home earlier that those who
  did not have a PCF

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Our Philosophy of Nursing

• Nursing
• Nursing is a holistic practice that should
  incorporate physical, emotional, spiritual,
  environmental and psychological wellness.
• Person
• When looking at the idea of person, it is
  important to consider all parts of a person
  including physical and psychological,
  socio-cultural, developmental, and spiritual.
  This is a very important concept to discuss
  because nursing is centered on client care and
  caring for a person, so it is important to
  understand all aspects of a person.

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• Environment
• Anything internal or external that may affect the
  holistic well-being of the client.
• Health
• Health is being in a state of wellness. The idea
  of being healthy involves being active and fit,
  eating properly, and being able to cope with
  stressors within your environment.

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Comparison

• Our philosophy of nursing is very similar in all
  aspects of the metaparadigms as Jean Watsons.
• We both incorporate all aspects of person and
  environment into nursing in order to provide
  holistic care

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• A good nurse cannot be defined only by her
  skills but also by how well she interacts with
  the client and family while providing care.

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References

• Frisch, N. (2001). Nursing as a context for
  alternative/complementary modalities. Online
  Journal of Issues in nursing. Retrieved on
  October 27, 2006 from http//www.nursingworld.or
  g/ojin/topic15/tpc15_2.htm.
• Muff, J. (1988). Of Images and Ideals a look at
  socialization and sexism in nursing.
• Tomey, A.M., Alligood, M.R. (2006). Nursing
  Theorists and Their Work 6th Edition. St.Louis
  Mosby.
• University of Colorado at Denver and Health
  Sciences Center, School of Nursing. (2006).
  Watsons Caring Theory. Retrieved October
  27,2006 from http//www2.uchsc.edu/son/caring/con
  tent/jwbio.asp