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LABOUR DIMENSION OF IRREGULAR MIGRATION IN TURKEY

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Transit migration: after political unrest in Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq ... after political unrest in Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq. A Historical Synopsis ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: LABOUR DIMENSION OF IRREGULAR MIGRATION IN TURKEY


1
LABOUR DIMENSION OF IRREGULAR MIGRATION IN TURKEY
MiReKoc
  • Prof. Dr. Ahmet Içduygu
  • Director, Migration Reserach Program (MiReKoc)
  • Dept. of International Relations
  • Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
  • ABCDE Tokyo, May 2006

2
CONTENT
  • Introduction
  • Research question relationship btw international
    migration and informalization of economies
  • Irregular migration in Turkey
  • Transit migration
  • Circular migration
  • Asylum seeking
  • Irregular Migrant Labour in Turkey
  • Do immigrants create the conditions of the
    informality?
  • Do immigrants come into picture after these
    conditions are created?
  • Concluding Remarks
  • International migration and informalization of
    economies as a part of the structural patterns or
    transformations in our economies

3
Introduction
  • Research question relationship btw international
    migration and informalization of economies
  • Are immigrants the direct causes of
    informalization?
  • Do immigrants take the less desirable jobs
    generated by informalization?
  • And, do immigrants led to a decline in the costs
    of production?

4
Irregular Migration in Turkey
  • Irregular migration in Turkey as a part/product
    of the international migratory regime(s) in
  • Europe
  • the Mediterranean Basin
  • the West Asia
  • Irregular migrant labour in Turkey as a
    part/product of the structural patterns or
    transformation in our economies
  • Irregular migration in Turkey as a part/product
    of the economic, social, political
    transformations in the neighbouring regions
  • Circular migration after the collapse of the
    communist system
  • Transit migration after political unrest in
    Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq
  • Asylum seeking after political unrest in
    Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq

5
Irregular Migration in Turkey
  • Circular migration after the collapse of the
    communist system
  • Transit migration after political unrest in
    Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq
  • Asylum seeking after political unrest in
    Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq

6
A Historical Synopsis
  • 1980s - Afghan asylum seekers/settlers a couple
    of thousands
  • 1980s Polish suitcase traders
  • 1980 onwards Iranians fleeing 500,000
    1,000,000
  • 1988 onwards Iraqis (mostly Kurds) 50,000
    (1988) 60,000(1990) 500,000 (1991)
  • 1989 Turks from Bulgaria over 300,000 people
  • 1992 - Bosnians 20,000 -25,000
  • 1999 Albanians 20,000
  • 1990 onwards People from the Eastern European
    and CIS countries suitcase traders,
    shuttle/circular migrants, clandestine workers
  • 1990 onwards People from the countries in the
    Middle East, Asia, and Africa transit migrants
  • 1990 onwards orderly migrations of
    professionals, students, retired people

7
Transit Migration and Main Routes from and to
Turkey
Turkey as a Country of Immigration and Transit
8
Irregular Migrants in Turkey
Irregular Migrants 1995-2005
Irregular Migrants 2000-2005
9
Circular Migration and Labour Type of Migrants in
Turkey
10
Transit Type of Irregular Migrants to Turkey
11
Asylum Seeking in Turkey
12
Irregular Migrant Labour in Turkey
  • In Turkey
  • Do immigrants create the conditions of the
    informality?
  • Do immigrants come into picture after these
    conditions are present?
  • The large extent and long-establishment of
    informality in the Turkish economy is obvious
  • It is not a pop-up problem in Turkey (often not
    considered as a problem), it has its own
    rationality within the developments of Turkish
    economy (Colak and Bekmez, 2004)
  • The informal sector employs more than half of all
    workers (OECD, 2004)
  • Who involves informal economic activities those
    who are relatively small scale, are
    sub-contractor, do not have economies of scale,
    with low capital requirement, with regional
    and/or family based formations, do not have
    social security protection, are irregular in
    terms of time dimension (seasonal, or part time)

13
Irregular Migrant Labour in Turkey
  • The large extent and long-establishment of
    informality in the Turkish economy is obvious
  • But also there is an increase in the weight of
    informal sector, particularly in urban areas, in
    the country mainly because
  • there is an ongoing flows of migrants from rural
    to urban
  • entry to the market is very easy, and does not
    require any sunk cost
  • there is a need for a competitive structure of
    the economy due the liberalization and
    globalization
  • there is an increase in the number of small
    businesses and intra-family economic activities
  • there is still labour intensive economic
    activities
  • Economic policies/practices in the country may
    encourage (or at least do not discourage) such
    activities
  • high level labour taxes, in particular social
    security charges, and stringent regulations
    constitute barriers to becoming formal which trap
    firms and workers in the informal economy, where
    they are deprived of access to public and banking
    services and cannot reap benefits from economies
    of scale (OECD, 2004)

14
Irregular Migrant Labour in Turkey
  • Based on these reports, migrant workers can be
    classified in terms of their major sectors of
    activity
  • Moldavian women providing household services,
  • female nationals of Eastern European countries
    and the Russian Federation and Ukraine working in
    the entertainment and sex sectors,
  • mostly men from Eastern European countries and
    some from various Asian and African countries
    working in the construction sector,
  • mostly female nationals of Eastern European
    countries and the Russian Federation and Ukraine
    working in the textile and clothing industries,
  • mixture of various foreign nationals engaging in
    employment in restaurant and other food-related
    sectors, and,
  • mostly men from the Russian Federation, Ukraine,
    and Azerbaijan working in agricultural sectors.
  • The migrant workers usually engage in low paying,
    dirty, dangerous and difficult jobs, typical of
    the informal labour market. This picture confirms
    the stereotypes of irregular migrant workers, as
    a reserve army of labour or as a secondary
    labour force.

15
Concluding Remarks
  • International migration and informalization of
    economies as a part of the new international
    migratory regimes in the globalized world,
  • International migration and informalization of
    economies as a part of the structural patterns or
    transformations in our economies in the
    globalized world,
  • Immigrants do not create the conditions of the
    informality although they come into the picture
    after these conditions are created they do the
    less desirable jobs generated by informalization,
    and they led to a decline in the costs of
    production of formal industries in so doing,
    they facilitate informal production and engage in
    the distribution of certain activities.

16
  • Thank you!!!!
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