EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

1
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

• Chapter 12

2
Prompt Care is Essential

• Knowledge of what to do
• Knowledge of how to do it
• Being prepared to follow through
• There is no room for uncertainty
• There is no room for error

3
The Emergency Plan

• The key to emergency aid in the sports setting is
  the initial evaluation of the injured athlete.
• The prime concern is to maintain cardiovascular
  function (ABCs) and central nervous system
  function.

4
The Emergency Plan

• EMS communication
• Telephones must be available
• Designate someone to call 911
• The right information must be communicated
• Type of emergency situation
• Type of suspected injury
• Present condition of the athlete
• Current assistance being given
• Location of telephone being used and location
• Exact location of the emergency

5
The Emergency Plan

• Emergency Action Plan
• Transportation policies
• Treatment policies
• Keys to the appropriate gates
• Separate emergency plans should be developed for
  each sports field, court etc.
• Cooperation with emergency care providers
• Parent notification

6
Principles of On-The-Field Injury Assessment

• Primary Survey determines the existence of
  potentially life-threatening situations.
• Airway
• Breathing
• Circulation
• Severe bleeding
• Shock

7
Principles of On-The-Field Injury Assessment

• Secondary Survey systematically assesses vital
  signs and symptoms for a more detailed evaluation
  of the injury.
• Observation
• History
• Inspection
• Palpation
• Range of motion
• Special tests

8
Secondary Survey Recognizing the Vital Signs

• Pulse should be taken at the carotid artery or
  the radial artery with two fingers.
• Adult resting pulse 60-80
• Child resting pulse 80-100
• Rapid and weak shock, bleeding, diabetic
  coma, or heat exhaustion
• Rapid and strong heat stroke
• Slow and strong skull fracture or stroke
• No pulse cardiac arrest or death

9
Secondary Survey Recognizing the Vital Signs

• Respiration check airway and breathing
• Look
• Listen
• Feel
• Normal adult respirations 12 a minute
• Normal child respirations 20 a minute
• Shallow respirations shock
• Gasping respirations cardiac involvement
• Frothy blood in the mouth lung injury

10
Secondary Survey Recognizing the Vital Signs

• Blood Pressure force of the blood against the
  arterial walls measured by a sphygmomanometer and
  stethascope.
• Systolic / Diastolic
• Adult males 120 / 80
• Adult females 110 / 70
• High blood pressure cardiac involvement
• Low blood pressure hemorrhage, shock, heart
  attack or internal organ injury

11
Secondary Survey Recognizing the Vital Signs

• Temperature is measured by a thermometer under
  the tongue, armpit, or rectum but skin also
  reflects temperature.
• Normal core temperature 98.6
• Hot dry skin disease, infection, heat stroke
• Cool clammy skin shock, heat exhaustion
• Cool dry skin over exposure to cold

12
Secondary Survey Recognizing the Vital Signs

• Skin color can quickly be used to identigy
  medical emergencies.
• Red skin heatstroke, high blood pressure
• Pale skin insufficient circulation, shock,
  hemorrage, heat exhaustion, or insulin shock
• Blue skin poorly oxygenated blood (airway
  obstruction or respiratory failure)
• Dark skin look at lips, mouth or nails

13
Secondary Survey Recognizing the Vital Signs

• Pupils are very sensitive to injury affecting
  the nervous system.
• Constricted depressant drug
• Dilated head injury, shock, heat stroke,
  hemorrhage, stimulant drug
• Failed response to light head injury, alcohol
  or drug poisoning

14
Secondary Survey Recognizing the Vital Signs

• State of Consciousness awareness
• Normal (quickly responds to stimuli) alert
• Unconscious (does not respond to stimuli) 3rd
  degree concussion
• Groggy (responds slowly to stimuli) 2nd
  degree concussion
• Conscious (full memory but responds slowly to
  stimuli) 1st degree concussion

15
Secondary Survey Recognizing the Vital Signs

• The Unconscious Athlete
• Check the ABCs
• Check for milky fluid from the ears or nose
• Check for bumps, lacerations or deformity
• NEVER move an unconscious athlete
• NEVER remove the helmet

16
Secondary Survey Recognizing the Vital Signs

• Nervous System
• Check movement of extremities
• Lack of movement head or neck injury
• Check sensation of body areas
• Numbness nerve injury
• Lack of pain shock or spinal cord injury

17
Response to The Primary Survey

• Obstructed airway management
• Rescue breathing
• CPR / AED
• Stop severe bleeding
• Treat for shock
• Stabilize the athlete until EMS arrives

18
Response to The Secondary Survey

• Determine the seriousness of the injury
• Determine the type of first aid necessary
• Determine if referral is warranted
• Determine where referral is warranted
• Determine the manner of transportation
• Determine the immediate treatment

19
Immediate Treatment

• Bandaging
• Splinting
• Metal splints
• Vacuum splints
• Anatomical splints
• Others
• Immediate Transportation
• Ambulatory aid
• Manual conveyance
• Stretcher / spine board
• RICES