Chapter 18, Section 4 and 5

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Chapter 18, Section 4 and 5

• The War in the Pacific
• The Social Impact of the War

2
The Japanese Advance 1941 - 42

• December 7 Pearl Harbor.
• December 8 Wake Island
• December 10 Guam
• December 7 March 1942 Philippines.
• Hitting any US target

3
Japanese Advance 1942

• Japan hoped the US would withdraw and leave the
  easy access to the natural resources of southeast
  Asia.

4
Japanese Advance

• March, 1942 English holdings of Singapore and
  Hong Kong seized.
• Dutch lost East Indies, Malaya, and Burma.

5
Allied Generals of the Pacific

• General Douglas MacArthur
• I shall return.
• Old soldiers never die, they just fade away.
• 1880 1964
• Soldier life

6
The Philippines Fall

• March 1942 General MacArthur withdrew his and
  Philippine troops to Bataan to try to defend
  themselves and hope for a Navy rescue.

7
The Philippines Fall

• March 1942 MacArthur gets out
• April 1942 facing starvation and more attacks
  US / Philippine defenders surrender
• EXCEPT

8
The Philippines fall

• The Battle of Corregidor
• 2000 US soldiers and nurses withdrew to a fort
  and survived another month before surrendering.

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The Philippines Fall The Bataan Death March

• 76,000 Filipinos and Americans taken prisoner.
• Forced march of weak, sick prisoners through
  jungle heat.
• 60 miles in 10 12 days.

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The Bataan Death March

• Prisoners denied water, rest.
• Beaten, tortured and executed along the way.
• 10,000 died.
• 15,000 died in POW camps

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The Geneva Convention Treatment of prisoners in
war

• 1929 Prisoners of war shall at all times be
  humanely treated and protected, particularly
  against acts of violence.
• Japan forgot that!

12
The War at Sea

• Remember what three ships werent at Pearl
  Harbor???
• Aircraft Carriers
• Saratoga
• Lexington
• Enterprise

13
War at Sea Aircraft Carriers

• April 1942 Doolittles Raid on Tokyo.
• OBJECTIVE Psychological victory
• May 1942 Battle of Coral Sea.
• OBJECTIVE Stop the Japanese from invading
  Australia

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Battle of Coral Sea

• 5-day battle
• US lost the Lexington and badly damaged the
  Yorktown.
• Lost half our planes
• About the same losses for the Japanese.
• Ended in a draw but the Japanese didnt invade
  Australia.

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Importance of the Battle of Coral Sea

• It was carried out entirely by aircraft.
• The enemy ships never even saw one another.

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Allied Victories Turn the Tide

• Battle of Midway
• Battle of Guadacanal

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Battle of Midway

• Yamamoto wanted to try to lure the Americans to
  Midway Island to destroy what was left of the
  fleet.

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Battle of Midway

• June 1942
• Battle fought entirely in the air like Coral
  Sea.
• Disabled the Yorktown then sunk by a Japanese
  sub.
• Japan lost 4 carriers and 250 planes

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Battle of Guadacanal

• After Midway the Allies were on the offensive.
• Jungle warfare
• Snipers
• Booby-traps
• 11,000 marines v. 2,200 Japanese.
• 5 month battle

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Allied Policy Island-Hopping

• General MacArthur, Admiral William Halsey,
  Admiral Nimitz
• By 1944, Allies able to use B-29 bombers to drop
  bombs over Japanese cities.

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The Philippines Campaign

• Battle of Leyte was the start in 1944.
• Hard fought battle
• 160,000 Americans
• 80,000 Japanese
• Only 1,000 Japanese taken prisoner.
• First time KAMIKAZES used

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The Philippines Campaign

• 100,000 Filipino civilians were killed.
• Not until June 1945 was the Philippines under US
  control.
• ONE exception
• 1974

23
Iwo Jima

• The closer to Japan the more bloody the battles.
• 74 days American bombers hit Japanese
  fortifications.
• 110,000 American troops v. 25,000 Japanese

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Iwo Jima

• Three days of combat and US forces had only taken
  700 yeards of ground.
• Battle went for a month.
• Only 216 Japanese prisoners taken.

25
Iwo Jima

• 25,000 Americans died at Iwo Jima
• 27 Medals of Honor were awarded for uncommon
  valor

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Battle of Okinawa

• The last obstacle before invading Japan.
• April June 1945.
• 100,000 Japanese pledged to fight to the death.
• 2,000 kamikaze attacks against American ships.
• Countless Banzai charges.

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Battle of Okinawa

• Only 7,200 Japanese surrendered.
• 50,000 Americans killed.
• Costliest battle of the war.

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The Manhattan Project

• What would happen when the US went to invade
  Japan itself????

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The Manhattan Project

• 1939 Albert Einstein wrote FDR suggested
  creating an atomic bomb.
• Project named Manhattan Project

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The Manhattan Project

• J. Robert Oppenheimer
• Enrico Fermi
• Work at the University of Chicago and Los Alamos,
  New Mexico.
• Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.

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The Decision to Drop the Bomb

• Invading Japan would likely cost millions of
  Allied casualties.
• Naval blockade might starve Japan, along with
  continued bombing.
• Do a demonstration of the bomb for the Japanese?
• Soften the demand for an unconditional surrender?

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The decision to drop the bomb

• FDR suddenly dies.
• President Harry Truman was maybe not aware of the
  power of the bomb.
• You should do your weeping at Pearl Harbor

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The Decision to Drop the Bomb

• August 6, 1945
• The Enola Gay dropped the first bomb over
  Hiroshima.
• 80,000 killed in an instant
• Intense heat
• Radiation
• Fire and wind
• 90 of the city destroyed.

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The second bomb

• August 9, 1945 - Nagasaki

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Japan surrenders

• CONDITIONAL surrender August 14, 1945.
• The emperor remained.
• V-J Day.
• Surrender signed September 2, 1945 aboard the
  Missouri

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Section 5

• The Social Impact of War

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Social Impact of War African Americans

• Jim Crow laws kept many African Americans from
  defense contract jobs.
• Unofficial segregation in the North affected
  employment, education, housing

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African Americans Economic Discrimination

• Despite desperate need for defense workers most
  factories only wanted white workers.
• A Phillip Randolph started to change that!

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A. Phillip Randolph

• 1889 1979
• Union Organizer for African Americans
• Fought for Civil Rights for African Americans
• Organized a march on Washington that made FDR do
  something radical.

40
FDR Executive Order 8802

• For the first time, government acted against
  discrimination based on race, creed, color or
  national origin in employment.
• Wasnt that powerful but it was a start.

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Discrimination in WWII

• 2 million African Americans did get defense
  contract jobs.
• But still confined to live in ghettos.
• 50 of housing for African Americans was
  substandard.
• 14 of white American homes were substandard

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Race Riots in WWII

• Detroit 1943
• 34 killed
• Id rather see Hitler and Hirohito win than work
  next to a negro.
• Defense plant worker in 1943 Detroit
• NYC 1943

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Soldiers and Segregation

• African Americans and whites risked their lives
  in war.
• But at home and war, racism and discrimination
  did not really change.

44
Soldiers and Segregation

• Segregation of troops
• African American units that could only be
  commanded by black officers.
• Questions if black officers could give orders to
  white soldiers.

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Soldiers and Segregation

• You know we dont serve coloreds here, the man
  repeated We ignored him, and just stood there
  inside the door staring at what we had come to
  see German prisoners of war who were having
  lunch at the counter We continued to stare.
  This was really happening. It was no jive talk.
  The people of Salina, Kansas would serve these
  enemy soldiers and turn away black American Gis.
  
• Lloyd Brown, African American GI 1942.

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Soldiers and Segregation

• Lena Horne jazz singer / actress.
• Refused to perform when German POWs were seated
  ahead of African American soldiers.

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Double V and CORE

• The first V stood for victory against the Axis,
  the second for winning equality at home.
• CORE Congress of Racial Equality (1942)
• Paved the way for the Civil Rights movement a
  decade later

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Mexican Americans

• WWII did give opportunities for employment many
  Mexican Americans had not had in 1940.

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Mexican Americans The Bracero Program

• Shortage of farm laborers in WWII.
• Agreement with Mexico to bring braceros to work
  in the US.
• 200,000 came
• REALLY overcrowded the barrios

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Mexican Americans The Zoot Suit Riots

• A look favored by many Mexican American young men
  in Los Angeles.
• Thought un-American by many.
• Particularly by men in uniform!
• Looked for zoot suiters to attack

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The Zoot Suit Riots

• 1943, street fighting grew into riots.
• Mexican Americans were often blamed and arrested
  instead of the GI s.
• Military did do more to restrict GIs to bases.

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Native Americans

• 23,000 Native Americans left the reservations to
  work or be GIs.
• Push was to leave behind their culture and adapt
  to white culture.
• Most did not go back to the reservations after
  the war.
• Cultural transition brought a sense of losing
  their roots

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Japanese Americans

• 1941 127,000 Japanese Americans in the US.
• .1 of the population
• most lived on the west coast and Hawaii
• 2/3 were born in the US

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Japanese Americans

• Intense prejudice against Japanese Americans
• Early war hysteria convinced Japanese Americans
  were all spies and saboteurs

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Japanese Internment

• FDRs Executive Order 9066 in February 1942
• Military zones were created in the US
• Foreign born Germans and Italians were told to
  move out of the zones.
• Canceled after a few months

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Japanese Internment

• War Relocation Authority was to move out everyone
  of Japanese ancestry citizens and noncitizens.
• Sent to Internment camps

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Japanese Internment Camps

• Often took people without giving a chance to take
  care of their homes, businesses, and valuables.
• Didnt know where they were going so didnt
  know how to pack.

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Japanese Internment Camps

• Barbed wire enclosed, guarded relocation camps
• Wooden barracks with cots, blankets and a light
  bulb.
• Common toilets, showers and dining room.

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Legal Challenges to the Internment Camps

• Korematsu v. US (1944)
• Ruled the internment was constitutional and
  necessary

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Legal Challenges to Internment

• 1945 Japanese Americans were allowed to leave.
• Some were able to resume their lives.
• Many had lost everything.

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Legal Challenges to Internment

• 1988 Congress passed a law awarding every
  surviving Japanese American internee a tax free
  payment of 20,000.

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Japanese Americans in the Military

• US military wouldnt allow Japanese Americans to
  serve until 1943.
• 17,000 NISEI volunteered to serve in Europe.
• Japanese 442nd Regimental Combat team won more
  medals for bravery than any other unit in the US.

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Working Women

• WWII women were able to fill the usually men-only
  and higher paying factory jobs.
• 1944 women made up 35 of the workforce.
• Rosie the Riveter posters.

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Benefits and Problems of Employment

• Economic independence for women
• Paid off Depression debts.
• Nest-eggs for future
• Patriotism
• Self-confidence booster

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Benefits and Problems of Employment

• African-American women fought to be in the
  factory jobs too.
• 1940 6.8 of African American women were in
  factory jobs.
• 1944 18

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Problems of Employment

• Prejudice from men and society about working in
  men only jobs.
• Less pay than what men made.
• Employers ignored federal law Equal work equal
  pay.

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Problems of Employment

• What to do with the children?
• Lack of day care facilities.
• Women relied on neighbors / family.
• Workdays were more than 8 hour days.
• Household responsibilities too.

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After the War

• Most women were not happy to give up their jobs
  after the war.
• But social pressures to give the jobs back to
  returning GIs was too much for most.

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After the War in Japan

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After the War Japan

• Most military and government officials committed
  hari kari at the defeat of Japan.

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Hirohito

• Ruled as a Constitutional Monarch.
• Said he had been a puppet for the militarists /
  fascists.
• Died 1989
• Some think he shouldve been tried as a war
  criminal.
• New evidence to show he was an active planner in
  the war.

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Japanese Royal Family Today
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The Japanese War Crime Trials

• 1946 1948
• 20,000 civilians and military put on trial for
  specific crimes to Crimes Against Humanity.
• 900 executions

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Tojo Executed in 1948

• often considered responsible for the murder of
  more than 10 million civilians in China, Korea,
  Philippines, Indochina, and in the other Pacific
  island nations, as well as the murder of tens of
  thousands of Allied POWs and for the approval of
  government-sanctioned biological experiments on
  POWs and Chinese civilians

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Yamamoto

• Killed in an American ambush in 1943.
• First time the US used assassination.
• Specific target assassination had not been used
  before.
• US did not admit to this until 1960s.
• We killed Yamamoto.

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Issues of WWII still confront Japan today

• Questions about how WWII is taught in Japanese
  schools.

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From an 11th Grade History Book

• When the Japanese liberated Manchuria, there was
  unpleasantness.

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The Prime Minister of Japan

• Regularly visits the shrines to the war dead
  including the war criminals.

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Continuing issues with survivors

• Comfort Women reparation
• 200,000 women taken to comfort stations to
  service Japanese soldiers.
• Often raped 20 40 times a day.
• Most murdered after the war to hide the crimes.

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Continuing Issues With Survivors

• After effects of the atom bombs.
• Healthwise
• Socially
• Does Pearl Harbor Hiroshima / Nagasaki?