Chapter 01 Understanding Hospitality Information Systems and Information Technology

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Chapter 01 Understanding Hospitality Information
Systems and Information Technology

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Overview

• Information Technology (IT)
• Hardware and software used to process information
  for organization.
• Information System (IS)
• Relationship of the IT components used to
  produce, store, share, and distribute information
  for use by the people affiliated with an
  organization.

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Theories, Practices and Tools

• Theories
• A theory is an underlying principle or an
  explanation of something scientific or
  philosophical.
• Theories explain why things happen.
• Practices
• A practice is based on a set of theories.
• A practice explains how to do things, based on
  why things happen.

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Theories, Practices and Tools

• Tools
• A tool is something used to perform a practice.
• A tool is something we use to do things, whereas
  the things we do are based on why things happen.
• Theories drive practices, and practices use tools.

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Systems Theory

• Systems Theory
• focuses on complexity and interdependence of
  relationships.
• Close System
• An entity consisting of related parts that is not
  influenced by outside forces.
• Open System
• An entity consisting of related parts that is
  influenced by outside forces called the external
  environment.
• Interdependence
• The mutually beneficial relationship among
  systems and subsystems.

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Mechanistic and Organic System

• Mechanistic System
• Mechanistic systems are closed systems with
  definitive life spans and continuously atrophy
  into nonexistence.
• Organic System
• Organic Systems have the capacity for infinite
  life because of their ability to evolve.
• Rigidity (die) or Learning (evolve)

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Entropy and Negentropy

• Entropy
• Quantity specifying the amount of disorder or
  randomness in a system bearing energy or
  information.
• Negentropy
• Negative Entropy
• A organic system exports entropy in order to
  maintain its own entropy at a low level

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Chaos Theory

• Chaos Theory
• The science that deals with the underlying order
  of the seemingly random nature of the universe.
• The butterfly effect
• Small variations in the initial conditions of a
  dynamical system produce large variations in the
  long term behavior of the system.

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The butterfly effect
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Linear System

• A linear system is a model of a system based on
  some kind of linear operator.

Transformation Process
Inputs
Outputs
Systems
Linear Management and Technology Process
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Linear System

• Linear Management and Technology Process.

Transformation Process
Inputs
Outputs
Material Resources Human Resources Infotech(IT)
Quality Quantity Customer Relationship
Systems Including IS
Effectiveness Do The Right Things
Efficiency Do Things Right
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Management Information System

• Management Information System
• MIS
• The conversion of data into information for use
  by the members of an organization to serve its
  guests or customers.

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Evolution of MIS

• Decision Support System
• DSS
• An information and planningsystem that provides
  the ability to interrogate computers on an ad
  hoc basis,analyze information and predictthe
  impact of decisions before they are made.
• Executive Information System (EIS)

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Evolution of MIS

• Knowledge Management System (KMS)
• a distributed hypermedia system for managing
  knowledge in organizations, supporting creation,
  capture, storage and dissemination of expertise
  and knowledge.

Reflection
Self-Awareness
Knowledge
Experience
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Chief Information Officer (CIO)

• CIO is responsible for
• Planning
• Analysis
• Implementation
• Evaluation
• CIO is supported by
• Programmers
• Network managers
• Technicians
• Database administrators

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IS Development

• Two Types of Planning
• Proactive planning
• Enhance the productivity
• Reactive planning
• Solving negative situation
• Problem identification

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Problem Location
Input Data or technology error?
Output Products or Service error?
Transformation Process Processing Error?
Performance Gap?
Problem?
Where is the current or potential problem?
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System Investigation

• Complexity ?Uncertainty ? Risk
• What will be the impact of the solution on the
  organization as a whole?

Problem?
Symptom?
Transformation Process Systems
Inputs People? Materials?
Where is the real problem?
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System Analysis
Obvious Problem
Symptoms
Symptom Categories
Feasibililty Cost/benefit
Real Problem(s)
Solution Alternatives
Alternatives Analysis
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System Design and Implementation
Alternatives Analysis
Solution Design
Solution Implementation
System Maintenance
Solution Evaluation and Revision Did it solve
the obvious Problem in a feasible Manner?
Go on to the Next problem