Surface Processes weathering, mass wasting, erosion, deposition

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Surface Processesweathering, mass wasting,
erosion, deposition
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GLACIER MOVEMENTSIMILARITIES

• Alpine and continental glaciers are the same
  in the way in which the ice moves -----
• It is like a slow conveyer belt. Snow enters
  the glacier at the top or head, becomes compacted
  and eventually converted to ice. Ice under
  pressure will flow.
• Alpine glaciers flow down hill continental
  glaciers flow from thick areas to thin areas.

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DIFFERENCES ALPINE VS. CONTINENTAL

• Alpine glaciers leave very rugged sharp peaks
• Continental glaciated leave rounded and flat
  areas

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Alpine glacier- Alaska
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Alpine/valley glacier Alaska
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Alpine glacier Mt. Rainier
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Continental glacier Mt. Katadin ME rounded
mountain top
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Glacier - Alaska
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TYPES OF GLACIAL MATERIAL I

• A. SORTED
• WATER deposited (glacial-lacustrine)
• Ex. Kames, eskers (geomorphic
  features)
• Outwash plains
• WIND deposited sediments near the ice
  margins
• Ex. Loess deposits

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DEPOSITIONAL FEATURES OF GLACIERS ( NAMES of
FEATURES)

• Moraines- end, lateral, recessional, ground,
  interlobate --- piles of unsorted material
• Kames- delta, terrace, moulin---mounds of sorted
  material
• Eskers--- long snake like features of sorted
  material
• Outwash plains---- flat expanses of fine material
  washed from the base of a glacier

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Glacial processes and features applied to
continental glaciers
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Depositional features of Continental glaciers
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Glacial Ice Alaska
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Alpine Glacier-Mt Rainier
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Glacial-Fluvial (Kame) deposit Germantown WI
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Braided stream- at terminus of glacier
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Moulin Kame-Pike Lake WI
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Formation of one type of Kame
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Holy Hill WI - Moulin Kame
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Myra Esker near West Bend WI
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Kettle Moraine Area
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Gilbert lake WI Cobblestone House
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TYPES OF GLACIAL MATERIAL II

• B. UNSORTED GLACIAL MATERIAL
• Indicates direct contact with ice, moved by the
  ice
• Ex. Till ---- which makes up moraines
• All moraines are basically till
• But you can find glacial- lacustrine
  Deposits with the moraines

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Typical Shoreline Material in S.E. Wisconsin
gray till , red till, and sand
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EROSIONAL FEATURES OF GLACIERS

• Striations
• Rounding of bedrock
• U shaped valleys (alpine)
• Potholes

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Potholes Taylor Falls MNProduced by glacial
meltwater
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GLACIAL EROSION- ROUNDED SURFACES
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GLACIAL STRIATIONS
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DRUMLINS

• Depositional and Erosional ?
• Elongated in the direction of the ice.
• Not found everywhere ( Wisconsin and New York
  state have several drumlin fields)
• Can be composed of rock, till, or sorted
  sediments.
• Suggests they could be the result of glacier
  advancing over former deposits

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Drumlin Camblesport WI
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Drumlins in Jefferson Co.
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Drumlin in Jefferson Co.
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Inside the Drumlin
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Shape of Drumlin
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GLACIAL AGES(ADVANCES AND RETREATS)

• TRADITIONAL NAMES
• Nebraskan 1,000,000 - 2,000,000 yrs ago
• Kansanan 400,000 yrs. Ago
• Illinoisan 115,000 yrs. Ago
• Wisconsinan ( 65,000 years - 10 ,000 years ago
• CURRENT NAMES
• Pre-Illinoisan
• Illinoisan
• Wisconsinan past 100,000 years. Most complete
• history starting about 26,000 years B.P.
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EXTENT OF GLACIATION

• The Wisconsin glaciation covered a great part of
  the eastern u.S. It extended to the east coast
  and formed such places as long island, cape cod
• And block island.
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• The rocky mts. Were also exposed to the
  glacial ice, but in the form of alpine
  glaciation. The great ski resorts are located in
  the glacial valleys. (Wisconsinites on the other
  hand ski mostly on glacial deposites)

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EXTENT OF LAST GLACIATION
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OTHER FACTS ABOUT CONTINENTAL GLACIERS

• A . Ice was 1 to 2 miles thick at its
  central point (in Canada)
• B. Sea level dropped by 200-300 ft. Because so
  much
• water was taken up in ice.
• C. Glaciers erode material from the middle of
  its
• course and deposit it at the end.
• D.Wisconsin driftless area - no glaciation
• during Wisconsinan glaciation ? cause?
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GLACIAL EROSION AND DEPOSITION
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POINTS OF GREAT INEREST IN WISCONSIN RELATING TO
GLACIERS!
1. Glacial lake Wisconsin--- Cranberry bogs
2. Driftless area 3. Wisconsin dells
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Driftless Area WI
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MOST IMPORTANT TO US IN SE WISCONSIN

• 1. Lake Michigan lobe
• 2. Green Bay lobe
• 3. Soils / tills left by these glacial advances
• 4. The problems of lake shore erosion caused
• by the glacial - lacustrine materials--Grant
  Park as an example
• 5. Old beach levels or shorelines Drs Park,
  Beach Dr., Audubon Center
• 6. Mineral resources of sand and gravel
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POSSIBLE CAUSES OF GLACIATION

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• A. Variation in the rotation of the earth
• B. Variation in the solar output
• C. Plate tectonics
• D. Volcanism

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