Tire Technology RMA Presentation to CIWMB Special Waste Committee

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Tire TechnologyRMA Presentation toCIWMB
Special Waste Committee

• March 9, 2005

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RMA Tire Company Members
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RMA Tire Company Representatives
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Presentation Outline

• What is a Tire?
• Red Hermann, Michelin North America
• TREAD Act Review
• Dennis Candido, Bridgestone Americas
• The Impact of the Tire on the Environment
• Dave Chapman, The Goodyear Tire Rubber Co.
• Recycled Content and New Tires
• Don Amos, Continental Tire North America
• Other Activities in the Area of Tire Performance
  Trade-offs and the Environment
• Tracey Norberg, RMA

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What is a TIRE?Red HermannMichelin North
America
June 2003
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The hidden side of the tire
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The hidden side of the tire
A tire also contains hidden complexity
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The tire your only contact with the ground
At the steering wheel, the only thing linking you
to the road is the tire.
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Obeying the driver's orders
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Traction on Wet Surfaces
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Vehicle Handling
A tire under great stress - steering -
acceleration - braking
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Working in the long term
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Rolling Tire
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Transversal Bending
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Working in the long term
Endurance
 60 miles per hour means 26 deformations per
second. 60,000 miles means 90 million
deformations."
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Constant improvements in comfort
Mechanical and acoustic comfort
Obstacle on the road noise and vibrations
Measurement of noise when a vehicle passes
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Average Consumer
Rolling resistance
Rotational direction
Energy loss due to deformations
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Consuming less
Rolling resistance
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The art of balance
Car tires
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TREAD Act ReviewDennis CandidoBridgestone
Americas Holding
June 2003
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TREAD ACT REVIEW (TRANSPORTATION RECALL
ENHANCEMENT ACCOUNTABILITY DOCUMENTATION ACT OF
2000)
RULEMAKINGS
PROVISIONS
INDUSTRY AFFECTED
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FMVSS 139
TIRE TEST REQUIREMENTS RULE ISSUED JUNE 26,
2003 EFFECTIVE JUNE 1, 2007
TEST REQUIREMENT HIGH SPEED INCREASED
SPEEDS ENDURANCE INCREASED SPEED LOW PRESSURE
PHASE BEAD UNSEAT UNCHANGED NHTSA REVIEWING FOR
2006 STRENGTH UNCHANGED NHTSA REVIEWING FOR
2006 AGED ENDURANCE UNDER STUDY FOR 2006
RULE LABELING REQUIREMENT TIRE MOLDED
MARKINGS SERIAL ID ON BOTH SIDES DATE
ON INTENDED OUTBOARD SIDE. VEHICLE (TIRE)
PLACARD STANDARDIZED INFORMATION LOCATION
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HIGH SPEED CHANGES
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ENDURANCE TEST CHANGES
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RMA HAS PETITIONED NHTSA TO EXCLUDE TREAD PATTERN
CHUNK-OUT AS NOT REPRESENTATIVE OF REAL WORLD.
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PATTERN CHUNKING SNOW TIRES
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TIRE MARKINGS (SERIAL NO.)

• FMVSS 139 REQUIREMENT
• FULL SERIAL WITH DATE CODE ON INTENDED
  OUTBOARD SIDE PARTIAL
• SERIAL (W/O DATE) ON OPPOSITE.
• ADDITIONAL SERIAL ADOPTION
• 40 OF TIRES 9/2005 TO 9/2006
• 70 OF TIRES 9/2006 TO 9/2007
• 100 OF TIRES AFTER 9/2007
• INTENDED OUTBOARD SIDE ADOPTION
• 100 AFTER 9/2009

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INTENDED OUTBOARD SIDE ISSUE

• FOR A NUMBER OF MANUFACTURERS MAJOR FACTORY
• PROCESS/EQUIPMENT CHANGES WILL BE REQUIRED
  TO MAKE
• WEEKLY MOLD, SERIAL CHANGES SAFELY.

INDUSTRY IS PROCEEDING TO IMPLEMENT THIS RULE TO
THE ABOVE TIME TABLE.
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FMVSS 138 TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING
REQUIREMENT WARNING SYSTEM IN NEW VEHICLES TO
INDICATE WHEN A TIRE IS SIGNIFICANTLY UNDER
INFLATED.

• REGULATORY STATUS
• NEW NPRM ISSUED 9/16/2004 AFTER THE FIRST NPRM
  WAS
• VACATED BY U.S. COURT.
• PHASED IN ADOPTION
• 50 FROM 9/2005 TO 9/2006
• 90 FROM 9/2006 TO 9/2007
• 100 AFTER 9/2007

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TIRE INDUSTRY POSITION

• WE WELCOME THE INTRODUCTION USE OF TPMS SINCE
  PROPERLY
• SPECIFIED USED THEY CAN IMPROVE SAFETY REDUCE
  FUEL
• CONSUMPTION. HOWEVER, WE STRONGLY OBJECT TO THE
  NPRM AS
• WRITTEN BECAUSE OF THE FOLLOWING
• IT PERMITS A TIRE TO BE UNDERINFLATED BEFORE
  ACTIVATING
• (I.E. AS MUCH AS 25).
• IS NOT REQUIRED TO WORK ON SPARE TIRES OR
  REPLACEMENT TIRES.
• SYSTEM TEST REQUIREMENTS ARE LIMITED TO 100 kmh
  (62 mph)
• NOT REAL WORLD.
• ALLOWS 10 MINUTE DELAY BEFORE ACTIVATION.
• INSUFFICIENT INFORMATION IN OWNERS MANUAL OR
  PLACARD ON
• PRESSURE WARNING ITS MEANING.

RMA HAS FILED A PETITION ON THESE POINTS.
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The Impact of TireTechnology on the Environment

• Dave Chapman
• The Goodyear Tire Rubber Company

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Safety

• Most important tire attribute
• Ability to stop, start and turn in ALL weather
  conditions
• Ability to navigate all road surfaces
• Ability to perform at wide range of speeds

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Tire Performance Balance
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Rolling Resistance

• Rolling resistance is affected by
• Tire design and construction
• Rubber compounds
• Tire inflation
• Roadway surface
• Vehicle alignment

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Rolling Resistance Trade-Offs
Improved compound and construction technologies
can minimize performance trade-offs. Expect
potential trade-offs in dry traction and wear.
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Elastic vs. Viscous Material Properties
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Rolling Resistance Impact on Fuel Consumption
Fuel energy is dissipated in many ways, including
rolling resistance
A 10 improvement in rolling resistance gives a
1-2 improvement in fuel economy
National Research Council, "Automotive Fuel
Economy How Far Should We Go?", 1992)
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Pressure Effects on Fuel Economy
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Inflation Sensitivity vs. Rolling Resistance
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Rolling Resistance Impact on Environment

• Improved rolling resistance performance reduces
  vehicle fuel usage
• 1-2 for every 10 improvement in tire rolling
  resistance
• Poor tire inflation maintenance negates tire
  design benefits
• Improved rolling resistance decreases tire life,
  so more tires are required for the same miles
• More raw materials, more energy to produce and
  bring to market
• Increased scrap tires
• CEC study quantifying trade-off

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Longer Life Tires

• Tire life is affected by
• tire design
• tread compound
• tire inflation
• roadway surfaces
• vehicle (size, aerodynamics, loads, alignment)
• driver (aggressiveness, maintenance habits)

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Tire Design Factors and Trade-Offs

• Design trade-offs usually mean reduction in some
  characteristics to improve others
• Tire wear improvements generally require reduced
  rolling resistance and traction

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Average Tire Life 1980 2001
Source Panel of Vehicle-Owning Households
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NHTSA Air Pressure Study

• Independent study commissioned by NHTSA in
• February 2001
• Tire pressure measured on 11,530 vehicles
• 6,442 passenger cars
• 1,874 SUVs
• 1,376 vans
• 1,838 pickup trucks
• Tire pressures measured hot
• Survey of drivers

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NHTSA Air Pressure Study

• 3 of passenger cars and 6 of light truck
  vehicles have all four tires significantly
  underinflated

• 27 of passenger cars and 33 of light trucks
  have at least one tire significantly underinflated

• And these tires were measured hot!

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Pressure Effects on Tire Wear Performance
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Longer Life Tires Impact on Environment

• Improved tire wear
• reduces number of scrap tires
• improves customer satisfaction
• Reduces fuel economy
• Reduced tread life
• increases materials and energy required to
  produce and bring tires to market
• increases number of scrap tires
• Poor tire maintenance reduces tread life

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Recycled Content and New TiresDon
AmosContinental Tire North America
June 2003
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New Tire Manufacturing

• Tires contain about 20 components, each with
  unique rubber compounds and chemicals
• Tire is built and cured, or vulcanized with
  heat and pressure
• Tire compounds bond to one another chemically and
  physically
• Finished product is chemically distinct from
  uncured tire components and chemicals not a sum
  of its parts

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Potential Methods of Using Scrap Tires in new
Tire Manufacturing

• Devulcanization
• Breaking chemical bonds in cured tire material to
  create an uncured rubber material
• Not technically or economically viable
• Pyrolysis
• Creating raw materials for tire manufacturing
  (pyrolytic char substitute for carbon black,
  oils)
• Nor technically or economically viable
• Inconsistent product without applications
• Ground rubber
• Focus of current recycled content use

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Current Methods of Using Recycled Content

• Ground rubber is the benchmark product
• 30 mesh is threshold for tread
• 80 mesh is threshold for carcass components
• 140 mesh is required some applications
• 200 mesh foreseen for high content
• Pyrolytic char (limited)

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Ground Rubber in New Tires

• Recycled content is affected by
• Ground rubber particle size
• Ground rubber content (natural rubber, carbon
  black, impurities)
• Tire service requirements

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Ground Rubber in New Tires

• Used primarily as a low-cost filler material
• Curing materials and anti-degradent content
  impact mixing and curing
• Reduced size improves performance but increases
  cost
• typical crumb rubber is 40 mesh
• Increased amounts of recycled material decreases
  properties and decreases life
• More demanding tire applications (i.e., more
  heat buildup) can use less recycle content

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Tread Compound Property Impacts from Ground
Rubber Use
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Challenges with Processing Tires for Ground
Rubber Use in New Tires

• Tire structure is composed of various rubber
  compounds, fabric reinforcement, and steel
  reinforcement
• The structure is designed and manufactured to be
  resistant to break-down
• Materials must be mechanically separated to be
  usable
• Ground rubber plant is capital intense with a low
  margin product
• Feed stock is inconsistent product is
  inconsistent

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Continental Recycled Content Study

• P215/60R16 Continental Touring Contact AS
• 15 major components
• 14 rubber major separate rubber compounds
• 2003 Experimentation
• Regular Production 4.60 80m-WTGR (10 in Tread
  Cap)
• Experimental Production 13.6 80m 140m -WTGR
  (20 in Tread Cap) Pyro black (2.4 to 25 in
  various components)

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Continental Recycled Content Study

• Study showed negative tire performance
  implications including
• lower tread wear life
• lower wet traction
• longer wet stopping distance
• lower snow traction
• higher rolling resistance
• Continental has discontinued this research
  project due to the unacceptability of the
  negative performance implications and the
  unavailability of acceptable source material

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Recycled Content Impact on Environment

• Increased recycle content in tires
• Increases amount of crumb rubber used
• Reduces tire durability, performance and tire
  life
• Tire life decrease approximates recycled content
  on percentage basis (Continental study)

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Other Related ActivitiesTracey NorbergRubber
Manufacturers Association
June 2003
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AB 844 Update

• Regulatory development continues under AB 844
• California Energy Commission (CEC) finalizing
  contract with Smithers Scientific to conduct
  400,000 tire testing program
• CIWMB Funding
• Project designed to develop representative
  database of replacement tire rolling resistance
  and assess performance trade-offs, including
  safety and tire longevity implications

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National Academy of Sciences Study

• Expert panel appointed
• Project Scope
• Consider the relationship that low rolling
  resistance replacement tires designed for use on
  passenger cars and light trucks have on fuel
  consumption and tire wear life
• Address the potential for securing technically
  feasible and cost-effective replacement tires
  that do not adversely affect safety, including
  the impacts on performance and durability, or
  adversely impact tire tread life and scrap tire
  disposal
• Fully consider the average American "drive cycle"
  in its analysis
• Address the cost to the consumer, including the
  additional cost of replacement tires and any
  potential fuel savings
• Expected to hold 4 meetings in 2005 and release
  final report by end of 2005

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Committee for the National Tire Efficiency
Study Provisional Roster 2/15/05
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Rolling Resistance Update

• National Academy of Sciences Study
• First meeting April 4 5, 2005 in DC
• NHTSA to give charge to panel
• RMA and members asked to provide testimony to
  panel on tire performance and related issues
• EPA, NRDC, Congressional Staff also invited to
  make presentations

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Conclusions

• Tire manufacturers around the world recognize the
  need to balance tire safety, customer
  satisfaction, and environmental concerns
• Tire manufacturers have dramatically improved
  tire performance, rolling resistance, and tire
  wear through extensive research and development
• Tire manufacturers are dedicated to ensure safety
  and improve performance and environmental aspects
  of tires

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Thank you!

• Questions?
• Comments?
• Contact
• Tracey Norberg
• Rubber Manufacturers Association
• 202-682-4839
• tnorberg_at_rma.org