Classifying Fish

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Classifying Fish

• Understanding the Classification of Fish and the
  Vertebrate Animal Kingdom

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Classifying Vertebrates

• Objectives
• Understand the classification and identification
  of the vertebrate animal kingdom.
• Become confident with the organization of the
  vertebrate animal kingdom.

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Organization of Vertebrates

• The vertebrates of the animal kingdom are
  divided into five main groups. Choose one of the
  groups to learn more about them.
• 1. Fish
• 2. Amphibians
• 3. Reptiles
• 4. Birds
• 5. Mammals

Click Here to End the Show
4
FishThe Water Dwellers

• Most fish are cold blooded vertebrates that live
  in water. Scientists believe that fish were the
  only vertebrates on Earth for about 150 million
  years.

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Classes of Fish

• Jawless
• Cartilage
• Bony
• Click here to return to organization of the
  vertebrates

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Jawless Fish

• Jawless fish have a round mouth, tube like body,
  single fins, no scales, and a skeleton made of
  cartilage.

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Which of the Following is a Jawless Fish?
Click on a picture to see if you are correct!
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Correct!

• The Sea Lamprey is a jawless fish that inhabits
  the Great Lakes region.
• Click here to return to Classes of Fish
• Return to Organization of Vertebrates

9
Incorrect

• The shark is a cartilage fish. Unlike the
  jawless fish, the cartilage fish have movable
  jaws, scales, paired fins, and skeletons made of
  cartilage.
• Try again!

10
Incorrect

• The Tuna is a bony fish. Bony fish have scales,
  well-developed sense organs, fins, and skeletons
  made of bone.
• Try again!

11
Cartilage Fish

• Cartilage fish have movable jaws, scales, paired
  fins, and skeletons made of cartilage.

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Which of the Following is a Cartilage Fish?
Click on a picture to see if you are correct!
13
Correct!

• The Shark is a cartilage fish that inhabits
  marine environments.
• Click here to return to Classes of Fish

14
Incorrect

• The Sea Lamprey is a jawless fish. Jawless fish
  have a round mouth, tube like body, single fins,
  no scales, and a skeleton made of cartilage.
• Try again!

15
Incorrect

• The Tuna is a bony fish. Bony fish have
  scales, well-developed sense organs, fins, and
  skeletons made of bone.
• Try Again!

16
Bony Fish

• Bony fish have scales, well-developed sense
  organs, fins, and skeletons made of bone.

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Which of the Following is a Bony Fish?
Click on a picture to see if you are correct!
18
Incorrect

• The Sea Lamprey is a jawless fish. Jawless fish
  have a round mouth, tube like body, single fins,
  no scales, and a skeleton made of cartilage.
• Try again!

19
Incorrect

• The Shark is a cartilage fish that inhabits
  marine environments.
• Try again!

20
Correct
The Tuna is a bony fish. Bony fish have scales,
well-developed sense organs, fins, and skeletons
made of bone. Click here to return to Classes
of Fish
21
AmphibiansLiving in Water and on Land

• Amphibians spend part of their lives in water and
  part on land. They have moist, smooth skin that
  allows for the exchange of oxygen and carbon
  dioxide. They are cold-blooded.

Return to Organization of Vertebrates
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AmphibiansLiving in Water and on Land

• The three types of amphibians that exist today
  are
• Frogs and Toads
• Salamanders
• Caecilians

Return to Organization of Vertebrates
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What is a Caecilian?

• Caecilians are relatively unknown. They resemble
  large earthworms in shape, but are a different
  color (yellow or even purple) and possess a bony
  internal skeleton (vertebrae). There are no
  external ears, and the eyes are usually reduced
  or covered by bone or the outer skin. Their
  mouths are large, and they are feed on various
  small fish or invertebrates.

Caecilians are found throughout most of northeast
South America, a few patches in southeast Africa,
and much of southern Asia.
Return to Amphibians
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Salamanders

• When people meet up with their first salamander
  they often call it a lizard, because salamanders
  have tails. But salamanders are amphibians, like
  frogs and toads. Their skin is smooth and moist.
  They cannot bite. Lizards have dry, scaly skin
  like their relatives, the turtles and snakes.

Return to Amphibians
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What is the difference between frogs and toads?

• Frogs
• Smooth, wet skin
• Tiny teeth on both upper and lower jaws
• Longer hind legs to jump
• Frogs lay eggs singly, in small or large clumps,
  on the water surface.

• Toads
• Dry, warty skin
• No teeth
• Shorter hind legs to hop
• Toads lay eggs in long, parallel strings
• Unpleasant tasting skin secretions (defense)

Return to Amphibians
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ReptilesThe Move to Land

• Reptiles are cold blooded and have thick, dry,
  waterproof skin covered with scales. As a
  reptile grows, its skin is shed by molting.

Return to Organization of Vertebrates
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Orders of Reptiles

• The reptiles living today are divided into
• four orders
• Turtles Tortoises
• Alligators Crocodiles
• Lizards and Snakes
• Tuataras

Return to Organization of Vertebrates
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Lizards and Snakes
Learn more about snakes
Learn more about lizards
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LizardsHow Many Species of Lizards Exist in the
World?

• Is very hard to keep track of all the species
  that are currently recognized by science.
  However, at a rough count, about 4796 species of
  lizards are currently known.

Return to Orders of Reptiles
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Snakes

• The approximately 2,700 snake species, of which
  about four fifths are nonvenomous. Among the
  harmless snakes of North America are the garter
  snakes, water snakes, green (or grass) snakes,
  black snakes, racers, king snakes, hognose, and
  rat snakes.
• The family Boidae ( boas and pythons ) includes
  the world's largest snakes, the South American
  anaconda and the Asian reticulated python, as
  well as the smaller boa constrictor and the tree
  and sand boas. Most poisonous New World snakes
  belong to the pit viper family these include the
  copperhead, water moccasin, rattlesnake,
  fer-de-lance, and bushmaster .
• Venomous Old World snakes are the true vipers ,
  including the adder and the asp , and members of
  the cobra family, including the mamba of Africa
  and the krait of Asia. The poisonous coral snakes
  of the New World also belong to this family. The
  venomous sea snakes inhabit tropical oceans.

Return to Orders of Reptiles
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Venom vs. Poison

• What is the difference between venom and poison?
• Venom is injected.  They inject their toxin into
  their predator or prey using fangs, pinchers,
  spines, or any other sharp body part that is
  hollow, grooved or breaks the skin to introduce
  venom. Some venomous animals, such as the
  spitting cobra, can even squirt at an enemy and
  are accurate up to 10 feet!
• Poison is eaten or absorbed.  Poisonous animals
  have a passive delivery system and use their
  toxin for protection only. They store their toxin
  in their meat or skin. If someone or something
  eats the animal, the predator may get sick or
  even die. When this happens, you can be sure the
  predator won't make that mistake again! An
  example of a poisonous animal is a poison dart
  frog.

Return to Snakes
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Tuatara

• Tuatara are found on approximately 30 small,
  relatively inaccessible, islands off the coast of
  New Zealand.
• They lack external ears and posses a "parietal
  eye" on the top of their head. Other lizards also
  have this "third-eye," which contains a retina
  and is functionally similar to a normal eye,
  though the function has not been clearly
  recognized and a scale grows over it in adult
  tuataras.
• The tuatara has a very slow metabolism and is a
  very long-lived species. It's not uncommon for
  an individual to live for over 100 years.
• Tuataras may be grey, olive, or brickish red in
  color. They range in adult length from about 40
  cm (female) to 60 cm (large male), with the male
  generally reaching larger proportions.

Return to Orders of Reptiles
Pictures of Tuataras
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Pictures of Tuataras
Return to Orders of Reptiles
34
New Zealand is located of the southeast coast of
Australia
Return to Tuataras
Return to Orders of Reptiles
35
What is the difference between an alligator and a
crocodile?
American Alligator
American Crocodile
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Alligator or Crocodile?

• There are many differences between alligators
  and crocodiles, but we are going to focus on two.
• 1. Shape of the jaw
• 2. Placement of teeth

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Shape of the Jaw

• The easiest way of telling apart crocodiles from
  alligators is to look at their noses. Alligators
  have a wide "U"-shaped, rounded snout (like a
  shovel), whereas crocodiles tend to have longer
  and more pointed "V"-shaped noses. This is
  illustrated in the diagram to the left.
• (C alligator, D crocodile).

Return to Alligator or Crocodile
Test your knowledge!
38
Placement of Teeth

• In alligators, the upper jaw is wider than the
  lower jaw and completely overlaps it. Therefore,
  the teeth in the lower jaw are almost completely
  hidden when the mouth closes (diagram A). In
  crocodiles, the upper jaw and lower jaw are
  approximately the same width, and so teeth in the
  lower jaw fit along the margin of the upper jaw
  when the mouth is closed. Therefore, the upper
  teeth interlock with the lower teeth when the
  mouth shuts (diagram B).

Test your knowledge!
Return to Alligator or Crocodile
39
Which of the following is an alligator?
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Correct!

• You can tell this is a picture of an alligator
  because it has a U shaped snout.

Keep Playing
Return to Orders of Reptiles
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Correct!

• You can tell this is a picture of an alligator
  because the teeth on the lower jaw are hidden.

Keep Playing
Return to Orders of Reptiles
42
Incorrect

• Look closely at the snout to determine your
  answer. Refer back to the shape of the jaw slide
  if you need help remembering.

Return to shape of the jaw slide
43
Incorrect

• If you look closely at the teeth it should help
  you determine why this is not a crocodile. Refer
  back to the placement of teeth slide to help you
  remember.

Return to placement of teeth slide
44
Do you know the difference between a turtle and a
tortoise?
Snapping Turtle
Desert Tortoise
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What is the difference between a turtle and a
tortoise?

• There is no difference between a turtle and a
  tortoise.
• A turtle lives most of its life on land and a
  tortoise lives most of its life in the water.
• A turtle lives most of its life in water and a
  tortoise lives most of its life on land.

46
Incorrect
There is a difference between a turtle and a
tortoise. Look at the pictures to determine a
new answer or just try again.
Take another look at the pictures
Try Again
47
Incorrect

• A tortoise does not live most of its life in the
  water although it will go to water to drink. Look
  at the pictures to determine a new answer or just
  try again.

Take another look at the pictures
Try Again
48
Correct!

• Well done! A turtle does live most of its life
  in water and a tortoise does live most of its
  life on land.

Return to Orders of Reptiles
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BirdsTaking to the Air

• Birds are vertebrates that have wings, a beak,
  two legs, and a body covering of feathers. Birds
  were the first warm-blooded vertebrates to have
  insulated body coverings made of feather,
  adaptations for flight, hollow bones, and eggs
  with hard shells that allow for incubation.
  Most, but not all, birds fly.

Return to Organization of Vertebrates
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Flightless Birds

• Do you know of any flightless birds that exist
  today?

Click here to find out!
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Flightless Birds

• If you guessed any of the following you were
  correct!
• Kiwi
• Emu
• Rheas
• Ostrich
• Cassowary
• Penguin

Return to Birds
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The Penguin

• There are 17 species of penguins. The largest
  is the emperor penguin, which stands about 4 feet
  tall and may weigh up to 100 pounds.

Return to Flightless Birds
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The Ostrich

• The Ostrich is the largest living bird. It may
  stand nearly 8 feet tall and weigh as much as 345
  pounds. Ostriches live on the plains and deserts
  of Africa.

Return to Flightless Birds
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The Rhea

• Rhea is a large South American bird that stands
  about 5 feet tall and weighs about 50 pounds.
  They live on the plains of southern Brazil,
  Uruguay, Paraguay, and Argentina.

Return to Flightless Birds
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TheEmu

• The Emu is a large Australian bird that stands
  about 5 1/2 feet high and weighs about 100
  pounds.

Return to Flightless Birds
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The Cassowary
The Cassowary is a magnificent faithless bird
descended from prehistoric times. It is a rare
species and lives in only a few carefully
selected areas of North Queensland.
Return to Flightless Birds
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The Brown Kiwi
The Brown Kiwi is found only in New Zealand
Return to Flightless Birds
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Types of Feathers

• Down Feathers vs. Contour Feathers

Return to Birds
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Down Feathers

• Down feathers are small, soft, and fluffy. They
  provide most of the insulation for the bird.
  Down is such a good insulator that man uses it to
  insulate sleeping bags, comforters, and jackets.

Return to Types of Feathers
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Contour Feathers

• The largest feathers are contour feathers. These
  give the bird its ability to fly as well as its
  shape and color.

Return to Types of Feathers
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MammalsThe Fur Bearers

• A mammal is a warm-blooded vertebrate that has
  hair, feeds milk to its young using mammary
  glands, has oil glands to lubricate skin and
  hair, and has sweat glands to regulate body
  temperature.

Return to Organization of Vertebrates
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Groups of Mammals

• Scientists have grouped mammals into three
  categories based on their common characteristics.
• Monotremes
• Marsupials
• Placental (Thats You!)

Return to Organization of Vertebrates
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Placental Mammals

• The largest group of mammals are the placental
  mammals. With placental mammals, the young
  develop inside the mothers body and are well
  developed when born.
• Can you think of an example of a placental
  mammal? You dont have to look too far!

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Placental Mammals

• You are the perfect example of a placental
  mammal! You developed inside your mother for
  approximately nine months before you were born.
  Other examples include cats, dogs, cows, deer,
  bear, etc.

Return to Groups of Mammals
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Marsupials

• Marsupials are a unique group of mammals that
  have a pouch. Marsupials give birth to tiny
  living young that crawl into the pouch to further
  develop.

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Marsupials

• There is only one pouched mammal in North
  America. Can you name it?

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Marsupials

• If you guessed the opossum your correct! Some
  other examples of marsupials are kangaroos,
  wallabies, and koala bears.
• Where is the world are most of these marsupials
  found?
• A. North America
• B. Australia New Zealand
• C. South America

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Incorrect

• The opossum is the only marsupial found in North
  America. Use the map below as a hint and try
  again.

Try Again
69
Correct!

• Like the monotremes, the marsupials are also
  found mainly in Australia and New Zealand.

Return to Groups of Mammals
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Incorrect

• Use the map below as a hint and try again.

Try Again
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Monotremes

• Monotremes are unique mammals because they lay
  eggs instead of giving birth to live young! On
  the next page you will find two examples of
  monotremes.

Return to Groups of Mammals
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MonotremesMonotremes are only found in Australia
The Echidna is also known as the Spiny Anteater
The Duck Billed Platypus
Return to Groups of Mammals
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Australia
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Warm Blooded Creatures

• Warm-blooded creatures, like mammals and birds,
  try to keep the inside of their bodies at a
  constant temperature. They do this by generating
  their own heat when they are in a cooler
  environment, and by cooling themselves when they
  are in a hotter environment. To generate heat,
  warm-blooded animals convert the food that they
  eat into energy. They have to eat a lot of food,
  compared with cold-blooded animals, to maintain a
  constant body temperature.
• With a few exceptions, all mammals and birds are
  warm-blooded, and all reptiles, insects,
  arachnids, amphibians and fish are cold-blooded.

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Warm Blooded Creatures
Warm-blooded creatures, like mammals and birds,
try to keep the inside of their bodies at a
constant temperature. They do this by generating
their own heat when they are in a cooler
environment, and by cooling themselves when they
are in a hotter environment. To generate heat,
warm-blooded animals convert the food that they
eat into energy. They have to eat a lot of food,
compared with cold-blooded animals, to maintain a
constant body temperature. With a few
exceptions, all mammals and birds are
warm-blooded, and all reptiles, insects,
arachnids, amphibians and fish are cold-blooded.
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Cold Blooded Creatures

• Cold-blooded creatures take on the temperature
  of their surroundings. They are hot when their
  environment is hot and cold when their
  environment is cold. Cold-blooded animals are
  much more active in warm environments and are
  very sluggish in cold environments. A
  cold-blooded animal can convert much more of its
  food into body mass compared with a warm-blooded
  animal.
• All reptiles, insects, arachnids, amphibians and
  fish are
• cold-blooded.

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Cold Blooded Creatures
Cold-blooded creatures take on the temperature
of their surroundings. They are hot when their
environment is hot and cold when their
environment is cold. Cold-blooded animals are
much more active in warm environments and are
very sluggish in cold environments. A
cold-blooded animal can convert much more of its
food into body mass compared with a warm-blooded
animal. All reptiles, amphibians and fish are
cold-blooded.
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Cold Blooded Creatures
Cold-blooded creatures take on the temperature
of their surroundings. They are hot when their
environment is hot and cold when their
environment is cold. Cold-blooded animals are
much more active in warm environments and are
very sluggish in cold environments. A
cold-blooded animal can convert much more of its
food into body mass compared with a warm-blooded
animal. All reptiles, insects, arachnids,
amphibians and fish are cold-blooded.