PSYCHOLOGY

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PSYCHOLOGY

• FALL 2006
• Mrs. Bailey

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SLEEP

• Sleep is a behavioral state that is a natural
  part of every individuals life.
• We spent about 1/3 of our lives asleep - it is
  a required activity
• It is not normal for people to feel sleepy at
  times when he or she expects to be awake

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DIFFICULTIES

• Concentrating
• Memory lapses
• Loss of energy
• Learning

• Fatigue
• Lethargy
• Emotional instability
• Thinking

One large study found that in over 50 of fall
asleep crashes, the driver was 25 years old or
younger and are especially common among young
male drivers.
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Asleep at the wheel.

• APPROXIMATELY 100,000 AUTOMOBILE CRASHES EACH
  YEAR RESULT FROM SLEEPY DRIVERS

• Drowsy Driving impairs
• Reaction time
• Vigilance
• Ability to make sound judgments

Many adolescents are chronically sleep-deprived
and hence at high risk of drowsy-driving crashes.
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Misconception 1

• Sleep is time for the body in general and the
  brain specifically to shut down for rest.
  FALSE!
• In REM sleep, many parts of the brain are as
  active when you are awake

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Misconception 2

• Getting just one hour less sleep per night than
  needed will not have any effect on daytime
  functioning. FALSE!
• sleep debt accumulates across days
• Powerful effects on daytime performance,
  thinking, and mood

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Misconception 3

• The body adjusts quickly to different sleep
  schedules. FALSE!
• Biological clock times and controls a persons
  sleep/wake cycle
• The clock can be reset but only by appropriately
  timed cues only by 1 or 2 hours

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Biological clock is located in the
suprachiasmatic nucleus
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Clock Problems

• Monday morning blues
• Changing your sleep patterns on the weekend
  messes up our internal clock
• Seasonal affective disorders (SAD)
• Loss of daylight some individuals develop
  symptoms similar to jet lag, but more severe
• Shift work

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Misconception 4

• People need less sleep as they grow older.
  FALSE!
• The need remains the same, but the ability to
  sleep for long periods of time and to get into
  the deep, restful stages of sleep decreases with
  age.
• Easily disturbed by light, noise, medical
  conditions and pain

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Misconception 5

• A good nights sleep can cure problems with
  excessive daytime sleepiness. FALSE!
• Disorders such as sleep apnea, insomnia, and
  narcolepsy, may require behavioral,
  pharmacological, or even surgical intervention.
• Other medical conditions

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Biology of Sleep

• Sleep is a dynamic process.
• Scientists study sleep by measuring the
  electrical changes n the brain
• EEG
• EOG
• EMG
• Recorded simultaneously patterns of the
  activities in these three systems provide the
  basis for classifying the different types of sleep

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Figure 2. Placement of electrodes to determine
EEG, EOG, and EMG
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Two Basic Stages of Sleep

• Non-rapid eye movement or NREM
• Contains 4 stages
• Muscle activity is low
• Bodys physiology is similar to the wake state
• Rapid eye movement or REM
• We are almost completely paralyzed in REM sleep
• Heart, diaphragm, eye muscles, intestines, and
  blood vessels continue to function

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Figure 3. Characteristic EEG, EOG, and EMG
patterns for wakefulness, REM sleep, and NREM
sleep. Each of the nine patterns was made over a
period of about three seconds.
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Organ Systems Linked to Sleep Cycle

• Endocrine system
• Renal system kidney filtration
• Alimentary activity

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Sleep and the Brain

• Hypothalamus is important for controlling NREM
  sleep and may be the region keeping track of
  awake hours and sleep debt
• Pons critical for initiating REM sleep

Figure 5. Pathways of brain activity during REM
sleep.
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• Regions inactive include those that
• regulate intelligence
• conscious thought
• higher-order reasoning

Figure 12. Areas of the brain active during REM
sleep dreaming.
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Hypotheses related to sleep

• Restoration and recovery of body systems
• Energy conservation
• Memory consolidation
• Protection from predation
• Brain development
• Discharge of emotion

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Mammals, birds, and reptiles need sleep although
there are variances in the following

• Sleep patterns
• Sleep habits
• Sleep postures
• Sleep places

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Is Sleep Important?

• If I am deprived of the outcome
  is

Breathing Drinking Eating Sleeping
Death Death Death Death
YES!
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• Facts, figures, and information taken from NIH
  Curriculum Sleep, Sleep Disorders, and
  Biological Rhythms Supplement Series for Grades
  9-12.