Chapter 22: The Cold War

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Chapter 22 - The Cold War

• Potsdam Conference Division of Germany, read pg
  629
• Divided into 4 parts Britain, France, US,
  Russia. Each controlling a section
• Capital City, Berlin, also divided into 4
  sections.
• Located 100 miles in the Russian Sector

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The Cold War -

• Division of Germany and Berlin

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The Cold War cont. w/ Potsdam

• Japan occupied by US
• Massive aid sent to defeated countries
• Military forces cut (demilitarization)/ US
  (demobilization)
• United Nations
• Mtg held in San Francisco (April 25, 1945)
  tentative sketch
• New international organization
• 50 countries represented
• What is the number of represented nations today?

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United Nations

• http//www.un.org/members/growth.shtml2000
• General Assembly each country represented
• Security Council Real authority of organization
  held in 11 members of the SC. (Council later
  increased to 15 members.)

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United Nations

• US, Russia, Britain, France, and China would have
  permanent seats.
• Remaining seats would be rotated by members
• SC make major decisions
• A permanent member can veto any move to impose
  sanctions
• Russia used more than 100xs in 25 years
• Veto power made it difficult for the body to
  reach any agreement

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United Nations

• 1st major power to ratify the UN Charter?
  _________________?
• Principal Organs
• Secretariat (Office of Secretary General)
• ICJ (International Court of Justice)
• Economic and Social Council
• General Assembly (President)
• Security Council (15 members)
• Trusteeship Council

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United Nations

• Who is Secretary General (Or General Secretariat)
  today? Appointment process? http//www.un.org/sg
  /appointment.shtml
• http//www.un.org/aboutun/chart_en.pdf

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The Cold War

• Cold War
• Terms to describe the relations between the US
  and Russia after WWII
• Fought largely w/ Propaganda political and
  economic strategies
• Causes
• Differences in governments, ideology, society in
  two different countries

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The Cold War

• Spheres of Influence
• Russia
• Influence in Eastern Central Europe
• Not allow free elections
• helped Communists to gain power
• (Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria,
  Rumania, Albania)

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The Cold War The Truman Doctrine

• US
• Interested in demobilization doesnt intervene
• Sept 2, 1949 Russia detonates 1st A-bomb
• Russian EXPANSION WWII moved into Czech,
  Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria (Build Buffer Zone)
• 1948 Set up Communist Govts
• Nations known as Soviet Bloc Countries
• US Policy Containment designed to prevent
  communism from spreading beyond existing borders,
  - The Truman Doctrine (TD)

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The Cold War

• Example 1947 Communists attempt to overthrow
  Greek Turkey govts
• TD US intervention w/ 400 million in military
  aid
• Successful defeating Communists.
• Read Red Text, pg 634 US Aids Europe

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Marshall Plan

• Economic Recovery Program (economic aid)
• Proposed by Gen. George C. Marshall-Secretary of
  State 1947
• Purpose help European nations recover from WWII
  devastation
• MP cost Americans 14,000,000,000 from 1948-52
• No Military Aid Involved
• Politically successful in halting rolling
  back communism in Western Europe
• Socially improved standards of living (better
  food, clothing, housing)
• Economically stimulated production and created
  jobs in manufacturing argriculture
• Russia viewed MP as financial aggression
  (economic aggression)

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Cominform

• 1947 Soviet Response to MP
• Communist Information Bureau
• All European communist countries
• Unsuccessful in opposing MP aid
• Major effect create tensions
• Pg. 635 Yugoslavia, only break

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Berlin Airlift

• Blockade of Berlin June 1948 pg. 636 New Text
• Soviets not want reunification of Germany
• Blockaded all traffic on EAST Berlin border from
  WEST.
• Starvation
• B-29s (US Britain)
• Efficient very successful
• May 1949, Soviets lifted blockade
• East/West Division of GermanDivision of Cold War

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NATO

• NATO (1949) North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• Organized to counter threat of Soviet military
  power by US, Canada, 10 W. European nations.
• Greece Turkey in 52,
• Expands to 15 w/ West Germany by 55
• Notice to World Alliance for Mutual Protection
• Attack against 1 member an attack against all.
• Sword Shield Concept sword bomb,
  shieldtroops
• Rely on US Nuclear capabilities
• West Germany membership brought response from
  Soviets

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WARSAW Pact

• 1955, Communist reaction to NATO
• Soviet Bloc Countries
• USSR, Poland, E. Germany, Romania or Rumania
  (known as both, Roman derivative), Albania,
  Bulgaria, Czech, Hungary
• officially The Treaty of Friendship,
  Co-operation and Mutual Assistance cute name,
  but military treaty
• bound its signatories to come to the aid of
  others if victim of foreign aggression

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OAS

• Organization of American States (OAS) 1948 US
  Latin American nations in a military alliance.
• 21 nations
• Today All 35 member nations of Americas,
• Cuba a member but excluded from participation
  since 1962
• Home WorkMap exer. Pg 637 s 1 2

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Korean War

• WWII Ended became free after 50 years of
  Japanese rule
• Russia occupied territory north of 38th parallel
• US South of 38th
• Election in South estab. Repub. of Korea w/ UN
  approval
• Russia established a communist govt in North
• Democratic Peoples Republic of North Korea

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Korean War UN Police Action

• Video (10 Min)
• UN Security Council
• Declared N. Korea the aggressor
• Approved military action to repel the aggression
• SC (absence of Russia)
• (boycotting sessions in an effort to oust
  Nationalist China)
• Ordered N. Korea to w/draw
• Called upon UN members to aid the South
• 20 countries sent aid
• Truman vs. MacArthur on Invasion of China
• Macarthur fired, replace by Ridgway
• Truce negotiations July 10, 1951 at Panmunjon
• 2 more years of war
• peace talks halted

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Results of Korea War

• July 27, 1953Armistice agreement
• Cease fire w/draw both armies 2 km back to 38th
  par. DMZ
• 25,000 Americans died, 115,000 other casualties,
  22 billion
• War not settled any problems
• except to prevent Communist conquest S. Korea
• UN has Power that League of Nations did not
• Prove the US through UN would fight to prevent
  further spread of Communism
• Showed Communist China, w/ enormous population
  rapid industrialization, pose a continuing
  growing threat
• Uneasy peace w/ UN forces on 38th to enforce
  armistice terms
• 1954 (SEATO) Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
• US entered into a treaty w/ South Korea to come
  to their aid if it was attacked again.
• Members Pakistan, Thailand, Philippines,
  Australia, New Zealand, France, Britain, US
• A defensive alliance

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2nd Red Scare Background Info

• Great Depression (1930s)
• 10,000 joined Communist Party
• Looking for answers on Why American economic
  policies werent working during Great Depression
• Most w/drew after WWII, but still some members
• Fear of subversion (conspiracy) to overthrow govt
  launched a crusade against people in the party
• Anti-Communist Laws (Do not need to memorize,
  but read for background information leading up to
  the McCarthy Era)
• Smith Act (1940) enacted before WWII.
• Prohibited any group from advocating or teaching
  the violent overthrow of the US govt.
• McCarran-Walter Act (1950)
• Unlawful to advocate or support establishment of
  totalitarian govts
• Restricted employment / travel of these joining
  Communist-front organizations
• Authorized detention camps for subversives
• Famous Case Rosenberg Case Husband wife
  accused of being spies for the Soviets. .
  .selling secrets. . .executed.

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Investigations

• Investigations
• 1947-1951 Employee Loyalty Program
• Truman Administration, under pressure from
  Republicans, set up Federal Employee Loyalty
  Program (1947)
• Investigate background info of 3 million
  federal employees How? FBI checks
• 4 years, peoples civil rights attacked. Once
  accused. . . difficult to clear name
• dismissed several hundred out of millions
• helped create a dangerous climate of suspicion
  throughout country
• House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
• Congresss loyalty Program 1939 probe to seek
  out Nazis before and during WWII
• After WWII probe to seek communists
• Organizations investigated movie industry, Boy
  Scouts
• American Civil Liberties Union / other internal
  security measures argued 1st Amendment rights
  violated. Protect free expression

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The McCarthy Era

• Sen. Joseph McCarthys Rise to Power
• Obscure Senator spoke about State Department
  being infested w/ Communists
• He needed popular issue for 1952 election
• Chose the menace of communism in US govt
• I have here in my hand a list of 205 a list of
  names that were known to the Secretary of State
  as being members of the Communist Party who
  nevertheless are still working and shaping
  policy
• Re-elected, becoming Committee Chairman
• McCarthyism
• No shred of evidence to back up statements
• Accused lost their jobs reputations
• Charges never proven

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Section 3 4

• You are responsible for these sections. Pay
  special attention to
• Nikita Kruschev, John Kennedy
• Cuban Missile Crisis
• Economic Coal Steel, Common Market, Britians
  Welfare system