Steigert Electronic Home den Energieverbrauch Studie und Empfehlungen

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Environmental Impacts of ICTDirect
ImpactsBernard Aebischer Centre for Energy
Policy and Economics (CEPE) Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology Zürich (ETHZ)www.cepe.eth
z.ch
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Content

• Electricity consumption
• Electricity per capita
• Environmental impact over the life cycle
• Energy consumption and CO2 emissions
• Future electricity demand

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1. Electricity Consumption (1)

• Computer, office equipment, entertainment
• Internet, telecom
• Non-residential in the USA (Roth, 2001)
  3 of total
  electricity USA
• Residential and non-residential in Switzerland
  5 of total electricity (Aebischer, 2000)
• 85 of all chips not in computer- and
  telecom-equipment ? ICT 10 of total electricity
  in Switzerland (Aebischer, 2000)

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1. Electricity Consumption (2)

• Microprocessors et al. (controlling, regulation
  in all kinds of equipment, e.g. cars, and in
  processes)

One large power station 1000 MW, 8 TWh/a
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2. Electricity Consumption per Capita (1)

• USA 14 MWh/cap (5-10 ICT -gt 0.7-1.4 MWh/cap)
• Switzerland 7 MWh/cap (10 ICT -gt 0.7 MWh/cap)
• World 2.5 MWh/cap
• China 1 MWh/cap
• India, Africa 0.5 MWh/cap
• Reliability of electricity supply is essential!

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2. Electricity Consumption per Capita (2)
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3. Environmental impact over the life cycle

• Energy for manufacturing/distribution
• 50 (not 500) (Spalinger, 2000 Margni et al.,
  2001 Hilty et al., 2001 Socolof et al., 2001)
• Pollution and toxic waste in manufacturing and
  recycling/disposal chip production, batteries
  (mobile, pervasive computing) at end of life
  (Hilty et al., 2001)

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4. Energy Consumption and
CO2 Emissions

• 2-3 units of primary energy (2/3 fossil fuels) to
  produce 1 unit of electricity
• 30 of CO2 emissions from electricity production
• 1-4 of global energy-induced CO2 emissions from
  energy consumption by ICT

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5. Future Electricity Demand of ICT (1)

• Efficiency improvements versus diffusion,
  capacity and intensity of use
• Specific electricity consumption reduction by a
  factor 100 in 10 years
• If reduction only half as fast, then ICT in
  Switzerland ten times electricity
  produced worldwide
• ? diffusion ? efficiency improvement faster than
  increase in capacity and intensity of use

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5. Future Electricity Demand of ICT (2)

• But, electricity consumption of ICT is increasing
  (in OECD countries fastest segment) due to
• Diffusion
• Increase in capacity processors 10 W -gt 30 W -gt
  100W (?) and increase in intensity of use (24/7)
• New fields of application, e.g. fully automated
  household with lt 30 increase of residential
  electricity (Aebischer and Varone, 2001)

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5. Future Electricity Demand of ICT (3)

• But, important saving potentials
• Standby losses 5-10 of residential electricity
  consumption (Bertoldi et al., 2002)
• Power supplies 50 losses (?) (Aebischer/Huser,
  2002)
• Energy efficient technologies, e.g. laptop
  computers, LCD-screens, innovative chip
  architectures, hardware-gtsoftware (Transmeta)

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Literature (1)
Roth K.W. et al. Energy Consumption by Office
and telecommunications Equipment in Commercial
Buildings. Volume I Energy Consumption Baseline.
Arthur D. Little, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA, 2002
Aebischer B. et al. Energie und
Informationstechnik. Energiesparer oder
Energiefresser? Bulletin. Magazin der ETH Zürich,
Nr. 216 Januar 2000 Varone F. and Aebischer B.
Energy efficiency the challenges of policy
design. Energy Policy 29 (2001) 615-629 Bertoldi
P., Aebischer B. et al. Standby Power Use How
Big is the Problem? What Policies and Technical
Solutions Can Address It? Proceedings ACEEE
Summer Study 2002 (to be published in August
2002) Aebischer, B., Varone, F., The Internet
the most important driver for future electricity
demand in households. In Proceedings of the 2001
eceee Summer Study "Further than ever from Kyoto
Rethinking energy efficiency can get us there",
Vol. I, pp. 394-403 (original study
http//www.electricity-research.ch/SB/haushaltsver
netzung-00-english.PDF) Aebischer B. and Huser
A. Energy Efficiency of Power Supplies between
100 and 1000 Watt Nominal Load (work in progress)
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Literature (2)
Socolof M.L. et al. Desktop Computer Displays A
Life-Cycle Assessment. US EPA-744-R-01-004a,
Washington, 2001 Margni M., Jolliet O. and
Baumgartner Th. (Org.) Environmental Impact of
Telecommunication System and Services. 13th
Discussion Forum on Life Cycle Assessment EPF
Lausanne, 25 April 2001 Spalinger R. Kumulierter
Energieverbrauch eines PC. Mercato Technik.
Infel, Zürich, Juli 2000 Hilty L.M. and Gilgen
P.W. (Eds.) Sustainability in the Information
Society. 15th International Symposium Informatics
for Environmental Protection, Zurich
2001 Berkhout F. and Hertin J. Impacts of
Information and Communication Technologies on
Environmental Sustainability speculations and
evidence. Report to the OECD, 2001 Heiskanen E.
et al. Dematerialisation The Potential of ICT
and Services.Ministery of the Environment,
Helsinki,2001 Aebischer B. et al. Energy
Efficiency Indicator for High Electric-Load
Buildings. The Case of Data Centres. "IEECB 2002.
2nd International Conference on Improving
Electricity Efficiency in Commercial Buildings
Nice, 27-29 mai 2002