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The Road to War

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At end of this activity you will write about the events that caused the Civil War. ... Brown's goal was to use the weapons seized to lead a slave uprising. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The Road to War


1
The Road to War
  • United States Civil War

2
Content Area and Grade Level
  • Grade Four
  • At Level 2, the student is able to
  • 4.6.spi.2. determine how the issue of slavery
    caused political and economic tensions between
    government policy and people's beliefs (i.e.,
    abolitionists, plantation owners, state's rights,
    central government, Loyalists).
  • Grade Five
  • Content Standard 5.0 History
  • History involves people, events, and issues.
    Students will evaluate
  • evidence to develop comparative and casual
    analyses, and to interpret
  • primary sources. They will construct sound
    historical arguments and
  • perspectives on which informed decisions in
    contemporary life can be based.
  • Learning Expectations
  • Era 5 - Civil War and Reconstruction (1850-1877)
  • 5.01 Understand the causes, course, and
    consequences of the Civil War.

3
In this lesson you will
  • Explore the reasons that our country became
    divided and entered into the Civil War.
  • At end of this activity you will write about the
    events that caused the Civil War.

4
Events Before the War 1849
5
Territories and States
  • By 1850 our nations territory stretched over
    forest, plain and mountain. Within these
    boundaries lived 23 million people in a union
    comprising 31 states.

6
Big Business
  • New England and the Middle Atlantic states were
    the main centers of manufacturing, commerce and
    finance. Principal products of these areas were
    textiles, lumber, clothing, machinery, leather
    and woolen goods.

7
Big Business
  • At the same time, shipping had reached new
    heights, and vessels flying the American flag
    sailed the oceans, distributing wares to all
    nations.

8
Labor and Machinery
  • The Midwest, with its boundless prairies and
    swiftly growing population, flourished.
  • The introduction of labor-saving machines made
    possible an increase in farm production.
  • The Midwest grew nearly half the nations wheat.

9
Labor and Machinery
  • The McCormick reaper made possible an increase in
    wheat production in the Midwest.

10
Labor and King Cotton
  • The Souths economy centered on agriculture.
  • Tobacco was important, but cotton eventually
    became the dominant crop.
  • Slaves were used to cultivate all these crops,
    though cotton most of all.

11
Slavery Defined
  • Slavery was inherently a system of brutality and
    coercion in which beatings and the breakup of
    families through the sale of individuals were
    commonplace.

12
Slave States
  • One issue, however, divided the regional and
    economic differences between North and South
    slavery.

13
Slave States
Territories
Slave States
Free States
14
Slaves and the Cotton Crop
  • Southerners felt the backwardness of their own
    region was due to the large amount of money made
    by Northern businessmen from marketing the cotton
    crop.

15
Southern Slavery
  • Northerners, on the other hand, declared that
    slavery, which the South felt was essential to
    its economy, was wholly responsible for the
    region's relative backwardness.

16
Plantation Slaves
  • Only a minority of Southern whites owned slaves.
    More than half of all slaves worked on
    plantations. The "poor whites" lived on the
    lowest rung of Southern society and held no
    slaves.

17
Plantation Owners
  • It is easy to understand the interest of the
    planters in slave holding, they owned most of the
    slaves. But most southerners and poor whites
    supported the institution of slavery as well.

18
Freedom for Slaves?
  • The plantation owners feared that if freed,
    blacks would compete with them for land.
  • Just as important, the freeing of slaves raised
    the standing of the poor whites on the social
    scale. The rich plantation owners did not want
    this to happen.

19
Labor Slavery vs Wage System
  • Southern politicians insisted, for example, that
    the relationship between capital and labor was
    more humane under the slavery system than under
    the wage system of the North.

20
Right to be Free
  • The greatest problem of slavery was not the
    behavior of individual masters and overseers
    toward the slaves, but slavery's fundamental
    violation of every human being's inalienable
    right to be free.

21
Slavery
  • The South believed it needed new territory for
    additional slave states to offset the admission
    of new free states.

22
No New Slave States
  • Many Northerners believed that if not allowed to
    spread, slavery would ultimately decline and die.
  • California, New Mexico and Utah did not have
    slavery, and when the United States prepared to
    take over these areas in 1846, there were
    conflicting suggestions on what to do with them.

23
No New Slave States
24
The Issue of States Rights
  • Extremists in the South urged that all the lands
    acquired from Mexico be thrown open to slave
    holders.
  • Antislavery Northerners, on the other hand,
    demanded that all the new regions be closed to
    slavery.
  • Another group proposed that the government should
    permit settlers to enter the new territory with
    or without slaves as they pleased and let the
    people themselves determine the question.

25
The Issue of States Rights
  • Southern opinion held that all the territories
    had the right to sanction slavery.
  • The North asserted that no territories had the
    right.

26
Breaking the Nation Apart
  • The South wanted to have their own nation and be
    able to decide what laws to have. The North did
    not want the country to be broken apart.

27
States Rights
28
Freedom in California
  • In January 1848 gold was discovered in
    California. California became a crucial question.
    Congress had to determine the status of this new
    region before an organized government could be
    established.

29
New Territory Quarrels
  • Senator Henry Clay halted a dangerous sectional
    quarrel with a complicated and carefully balanced
    plan.

30
Compromise of 1850
  • His compromise, known in American history as the
    Compromise of 1850. It stated
  • California should be admitted as a state with a
    free-soil (slavery-prohibited) constitution.
  • The remainder of land should be divided into the
    two territories of New Mexico and Utah and
    organized without mention of slavery.

31
Compromise of 1850
  • Texas should be given a portion of New Mexico for
    10 million.
  • Effective machinery should be established for
    catching runaway slaves and returning them to
    their masters.
  • The buying and selling of slaves (but not
    slavery) should be abolished in the District of
    Columbia.
  • These measures were passed, and the country
    breathed a sigh of relief.

32
Compromise of 1850
  • For three years, the compromise seemed to settle
    nearly all differences.
  • The new Fugitive Slave Law deeply offended many
    Northerners, who refused to have any part in
    catching slaves.

33
Compromise of 1850
  • Many Northerners continued to help fugitives
    escape, and made the Underground Railroad more
    efficient and more daring than it had been
    before.

Discover the secret message hidden in this slave
song.
34
Fugitive Slave Law
  • In 1852, for example, Harriet Beecher Stowe
    published Uncle Tom's Cabin, a novel provoked by
    the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law. So many
    copies were sold the first year, and presses ran
    day and night to keep up with the demand.

35
Quarreling in Kansas and Nebraska
  • In 1854 as the region that now comprises Kansas
    and Nebraska was being settled, the old issue of
    slavery in the territories was renewed and the
    quarrel became more bitter.

36
Missouri Objects
  • Slave-holders in Missouri, objected to letting
    Kansas become a free territory, for their state
    would then have three free-soil neighbors
    (Illinois, Iowa and Kansas). They feared their
    state would be forced to become a free state as
    well.

37
Kansas-Nebraska Act
  • Stephen A. Douglas, a Democratic senator from
    Illinois, proposed a bill, the Kansas-Nebraska
    Act. His plan called for Kansas and Nebraska, to
    permit settlers to carry slaves into them. The
    settlers were to then determine whether they
    should enter the Union as free or slave states.

38
Kansas-Nebraska Act Passes
  • In May 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act passed the
    Senate amid the boom of cannon fired by Southern
    enthusiasts.

39
Bleeding Kansas
  • The flow of both Southern slave holders and
    antislavery families into Kansas resulted in
    armed conflict, and soon the territory was being
    called "bleeding Kansas."

40
Dred Scott Decision
  • Other events brought the nation still closer to
    war. In 1957 the Supreme Court's decision
    concerning Dred Scott was one such event.

Scott was a Missouri slave who had been taken by
his master to live in Illinois and the Wisconsin
Territory, where slavery had been banned.
Returning to Missouri, Scott sued for freedom on
the ground that his residence was on free soil.
41
Dred Scott Decision
  • The Supreme Court decided that Scott be declined
    freedom because he was not a citizen that he was
    the resident of a slave state (Missouri) and
    that slave holders had the right to take their
    "property" anywhere and that Congress could not
    restrict the expansion of slavery.

42
Court Invalidates Congress
  • The Court's decision invalidated the whole set of
    compromise setup by Congress in trying to settle
    the slavery issue.

43
Dred Scott Decision Angers North
  • The Dred Scott decision stirred anger throughout
    the North. For Southern Democrats, the decision
    was a great victory, since it gave judicial voice
    to their justification of slavery throughout the
    territories.

44
Lincoln Restrict and Abolish Slavery
  • Abraham Lincoln had long regarded slavery as an
    evil. In a speech in Peoria, Illinois, in 1854,
    he declared that all national legislation should
    be framed on the principle that slavery was to be
    restricted and abolished.

45
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
  • Senator Douglas, known as the "Little Giant," ran
    against Lincoln for the Illinois senate seat.
    Lincoln and Douglas engaged in a series of seven
    debates. In the end, Douglas won the election by
    a small margin, but Lincoln was recognized as a
    national figure.

46
John Brown Antislavery Fanatic
  • John Brown, an antislavery fanatic captured and
    killed five proslavery settlers in Kansas. Later
    he led a band of followers in an attack on the
    federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry. Brown's goal
    was to use the weapons seized to lead a slave
    uprising.

Sing along, John Browns Body
47
Abraham Lincoln, 1858
  • A house divided against itself cannot stand. I
    believe this government cannot endure
    permanently half-slave and half-free.

48
1860 Presidential Election
  • In the presidential election of 1860 the
    Republican, Abraham Lincoln, ran against Stephen
    A. Douglas, a Democrat, and the Whigs party
    nominee, John C. Bell of Tennessee.

49
Lincoln Wins
  • Lincoln won only 39 percent of the popular vote,
    but had a clear majority of 180 electoral votes,
    carrying all 18 free states. Despite his poor
    electoral showing, Douglas trailed only Lincoln
    in the popular vote.

50
Lincoln Wins
51
South Carolina secedes The Union Dissolves
  • The southern states said that if Lincoln won the
    Presidential election, they would secede (leave)
    the union. South Carolina was the first southern
    state to seceded from the union.

52
Six More States Secede
  • By February 1, 1861, six more Southern states had
    joined South Carolina in succession. On February
    7, the seven states adopted the constitution for
    the Confederate States of America. The other
    southern states as yet remained in the Union.

53
Succession!
  • Confederate White House

54
The Union Dissolves
  • The South formed their own nation, The
    Confederate States of America. Jefferson Davis
    served as the President.

55
Secession Legally Void
  • Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as president of the
    United States. In his inaugural address, he
    refused to recognize the secession, considering
    it "legally void."

56
WAR!
  • The battle began in April of 1861 when the
    Confederate Army took over Fort Sumter in
    Charleston, South Carolina.  

57
Civil War, Death and Destruction
  • A war had begun in which more Americans would die
    than in any other conflict before or since.

58
Civil War, Death and Destruction
  • A war had begun in which more Americans would die
    than in any other conflict before or since.

59
Civil War, Death and Destruction
  • A war had begun in which more Americans would die
    than in any other conflict before or since.

60
Civil War, Death and Destruction
  • A war had begun in which more Americans would die
    than in any other conflict before or since.

61
Civil War, Death and Destruction
  • A war had begun in which more Americans would die
    than in any other conflict before or since.

62
Civil War, Death and Destruction
  • A war had begun in which more Americans would die
    than in any other conflict before or since.

63
Civil War, Death and Destruction
  • A war had begun in which more Americans would die
    than in any other conflict before or since.

64
Civil War, Death and Destruction
  • A war had begun in which more Americans would die
    than in any other conflict before or since.

65
Civil War, Death and Destruction
  • A war had begun in which more Americans would die
    than in any other conflict before or since.

66
Civil War, Death and Destruction
  • A war had begun in which more Americans would die
    than in any other conflict before or since.

67
Civil War, Death and Destruction
  • A war had begun in which more Americans would die
    than in any other conflict before or since.

68
Writing Situation Pretend you are a news
reporter during the years prior to the Civil War.
  • Directions for Writing Write an news article
    explaining the causes leading to the Civil War.

69
Additional Resources
  • A Day in the Life of A Slave
  • An Interview with a Slave (listen to a first-hand
    experience)
  • Civil War Quiz
  • American Civil War Homepage
  • Civil War Photographs
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