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Prosocial Behavior

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Why do people help? ... Why do people help? Social-exchange. Two Forms of Benefits ... Percentage Reporting Smoke. With 2 other real subjects. With 2 calm ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Prosocial Behavior


1
Prosocial Behavior
Wesley Autrey
2
Prosocial Behavior
  • A. Why do people help?
  • Sociobiology
  • Social Norms
  • Social Exchange
  • B. Why dont people help?
  • Preconditions for helping
  • Situational influences on helping
  • Individual differences in helping

3
Why do people help?
  • Sociobiology
  • People help only to the extent that helping
    perpetuates their genes.
  • Social Norms
  • Reciprocity Norm
  • Social Responsibility Norm
  • Why do these norms work?
  • Violations of norms produce guilt
  • Violations of norms produce social sanctions

4
Why do people help?
  • Social-exchange
  • Two Forms of Benefits
  • External
  • Internal
  • Escape unpleasant arousal

5
WBUR Pledge Drive
6
Announcement
  • Date of Exam 3 Nov 17
  • Coverage 8, 9, 10 , 11
  • Review Nov. 15- 730pm-830pm

7
Why do people help?
  • Social-exchange
  • External
  • Internal
  • Escape unpleasant arousal
  • Donor Fatigue
  • Escape or avoid guilt or regret
  • Enhance positive mood
  • It feels good to help
  • Others admire helpers

8
Why dont people help?
Preconditions for Helping
  • 1. Notice
  • Media Censorship

Tiananmen Square 1989
Auschwitz, 1944
  • Too pre-occupied to notice.
  • Self-censorship motivation not to notice.

Rwanda, 1994
9
Why dont people help?
Preconditions for Helping
  • 2. Interpret situation as an emergency
  • What influences our interpretation?
  • Responses of Others
  • Pluralistic ignorance

10
Seizure Study
85
Percentage Offering Help
62
31
1
2
5
Bystanders
11
Smoke Study
75
Percentage Reporting Smoke
38
10
Alone
With 2 other real subjects
With 2 calm confederates
12
Preconditions for Helping
  • 1. Notice
  • 2. Interpret situation as an emergency
  • What Influences our interpretation?
  • Responses of Others
  • Pluralistic ignorance
  • Situations are Ambiguous
  • Motivation
  • Costs of Helping

13
Preconditions for Helping
  • Costs of Helping
  • Dirty
  • Financial
  • Energy
  • Embarrassment (self and others)
  • Feeling exploited
  • Time

14
Preconditions for Helping
  • 3. Assume responsibility
  • Diffusion of responsibility
  • Expertise of Other Helpers
  • 4. Know appropriate form of assistance

15
Preconditions for Helping
Notice
Interpret situation as an emergency
Assume responsibility
Know appropriate form of assistance
Offer Help
  • Effects of thinking

16
Situational Influences
  • Number of Bystanders
  • Modeling
  • Mood

17
Mood Helping
Helping
Positive
Neutral
Negative
Mood State
18
Situational Influences
  • Number of Bystanders
  • Modeling
  • Mood
  • Negative mood
  • Negative state relief model
  • Positive mood
  • Sustaining a positive mood?

19
Mood Helping
  • --------------------------------------------------
    ------------
  • Sad Neutral
    Happy
  • --------------------------------------------------
    ------------
  • Labile
  • Fixed
  • --------------------------------------------------
    ------------

H
L
H
H
L
L
DV Number of phone calls made.
20
Situational Influences
  • When negative moods dont increase helping
  • Blame the person in need
  • Escape the situation

21
Situational Influences
  • Reinforcement
  • Characteristics of the recipient
  • Familiarity
  • Dependency

22
Individual Differences
  • Chronic Depression
  • Strong Personal Norms to Help
  • Empathy
  • Prerequisites of empathy
  • Affective perspective
  • Cognitive perspective
  • Vicariously experience the emotion
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